Definition and Objectives of International Organizations
International Organizations: Understanding, Types, and Objectives and Complete Examples - International organizations are a form of combination of several countries or forms of functional units that have the common goal of reaching agreement which is also the contents of the agreement. If you want to know about international organizations in full. Let's look at the reviews below.
Definition of International Organizations
There are many legal figures who provide opinions on the understanding of international organizations. Some of them are as follows.
1. D.W. Bowett
According to D.W. Bowett states that international organizations are permanent organizations (for example in the postel or rail administration) established on the basis of treaties that are more multilateral than bilateral and with certain objective criteria.
2. N.A. Maryam Green
According to N.A. Maryam Green stated that international organizations are formed organizations that are based on an agreement when three or more countries are participants.
3. Mauna Boer
According to Boerma Mauna, the international organization is an association of independent and sovereign states which aims to achieve common interests through the organs of the association itself.
4. J. Pariere Mandalangi
According to J. Pariere Mandalangi states that international organizations are formed organizations which are based on a written agreement made by at least three countries or governments or international organizations that already exist.
Those are some opinions about the understanding of international organizations. Based on this opinion, it can be concluded that international organizations are generally born based on multilateral international agreements.
Various International Organizations
In this world there are many international organizations. For example, ASEAN, the Asian-African Conference (KAA), and the United Nations. Each of these organizations has their respective goals. Nevertheless, these organizations together play a role in improving international relations. Here are some kinds of international organizations
1. ASEAN
ASEAN is an abbreviation of the Association of South East Asia Nations. ASEAN is a regional international organization, consisting of only Southeast Asian countries. ASEAN was born on August 8, 1967 based on the Bangkok Declaration.
ASEAN has the slogan Mitreka Satata which consists of fragments of words: Mitra which means friend or friend, Ika which means one, and Satata which means equal. Thus, the motto of Mitreka Satata means always being friends or being equals. This motto as a symbol of unity to foster a friendship between ASEAN member countries.
The role of ASEAN in enhancing an international relationship can be seen from the collaborative efforts developed by ASEAN countries. The collaborative efforts developed by ASEAN countries cover the economic, political, social and cultural fields.
2. Asian-African Conference and Non-Aligned Movement
The Asia Africa Conference (KAA) in Bandung was the initial process of the birth of the Non-Block Geakan (NAM). The KAA was held on April 18-24, 1955 and was attended by 29 heads of state and heads of government from the Asian and African Continent who had just achieved their independence.
The birth of the Asian-African Conference and the Non-Aligned Movement was motivated by a number of things. First, the atmosphere of the increasing struggle of colonized nations for independence and efforts to promote unity among independent countries. Second, the existence of a modern arms-making competition between the Western Bloc (the United States and its allies) and the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its allies) caused the world situation at that time to be overwhelmed by fears of an atomic bomb war.
Such conditions encourage developing countries to find solutions to ease world tensions and maintain world peace. The main objective of KAA is to create peace and peace of life of the nations in the Asian-African region.
3. United Nations (UN)
The United Nations or abbreviated as the United Nations was officially established on October 24, 1945. The initiators of the establishment of the United Nations were the President of the United States of America, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill. The two figures initially held a meeting on the ship in the Atlantic Sea which produced the Atlantic Charter on August 14, 1941. One of the contents of the charter was the existence of ideals to create world peace. The contents of the charter that underlies the birth of the United Nations.
In an effort to achieve the ideals of world peace, various international inter-country meetings or conferences are held. One such conference was the San Francisco Conference held on April 25-June 26, 1945. In this conference, representatives of Western countries accepted the general pattern of the League of Nations (LBB) with changes and new names, namely the United Nations Organizations (UNO) or at the same time approved the contents of the UN Charter. The San Francisco Conference was attended by 50 countries, namely 47 signatory countries of the Declaration of the United Nations plus Ukraine, Belarus and Argentina.
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Form and Benefits of Inter-Country Cooperation
Form and Benefits of Inter-Country Cooperation
Definition of Form and Benefits of Inter-Country Cooperation
Nation is a group of people who are considered national in this case have a shared identity and have the same language, religion, ideology, culture and history, they are generally considered to have the same ancestry.
Form and Benefits of Complete Inter-Country Cooperation
It is impossible for a nation to fulfill its own needs, with these conditions causing each country to make a partnership so that the prosperity of the people will be prosperous. Dunis consists of various countries, which between one country and another need a partnership called international cooperation.
Cooperation between countries can occur because of different geographical potentials, some developed countries have the skills to process natural resources, but do not have natural resources.
On the other hand, a country has abundant natural potential but does not have skilled labor. Then these conditions lead to cooperation between countries that have high technology, with countries that have natural resources that need to be processed.
Form of Cooperation Between Countries
The forms of cooperation are bilateral, regional and international cooperation. For more details, just refer to the review below.
Bilateral cooperation is cooperation between two countries, which occurs because of a bilateral agreement.
Regional cooperation is the cooperation of several countries in a regional cooperation area, due to multirateral agreements.
International cooperation is cooperation between countries around the world.
Benefits of International Cooperation
The cooperation carried out by each country can cover various fields, including ideology, politics, economics, socio-cultural and defense and security. Every collaboration is done on the basis of benefits. And the benefits of cooperation between countries include:
Respect and respect each other's ideology.
Mutually beneficial to both parties in improving economic prosperity.
Improving the application of science and technology and overcoming things that can damage the culture.
Improve defense and security capabilities.
And realize world order and peace as well
Creating a social atmosphere that is harmonious, harmonious and balanced.
Classification of International Treaties and their Descriptions
In an international agreement is an international agreement governed by international relations and signed in written form. In international treaties can give birth to certain legal consequences for the parties involved.
International agreements can involve individuals, groups, organizations or countries. International agreements can be distinguished based on several criteria. The classification can be based on the source and number of participants, structure and object, method of entry into force and instruments of international agreements.
Source and Number of Participants
According to the source, in an international agreement itself it can be divided into several types, including:
Inter-country agreements carried out by many countries are objects of international law.
Agreement between countries with other international subjects.
Agreements between international legal subjects other than countries.
International agreements according to the number of parties to an agreement consist of bilateral and multirateral agreements.
Bilateral agreement means an agreement between two countries.
Multirateral agreement means an agreement that involves many countries.
The contents
According to its contents, international agreements can be divided into several types, including:
Political aspects such as defense pacts and peace pacts, for example NATO, ANZUS and SEATO.
Economic aspects, such as economic and financial assistance, for example APEC, CGI, IMF. IBRD and so on.
In terms of law such as citizenship status "American-China".
Territorial boundaries such as territorial sea, land boundary and so on.
In terms of health such as quarantine issues, disease outbreak prevention and so on.
The Nature of the Implementation
According to the nature of the implementation of the international agreement can be divided into two types, namely:
Agreements that determine "dispositive treaties" are agreements whose intent and purpose are considered to have been reached according to the contents of the agreement.
Agreement that is carried out "executory treaties" is an agreement whose implementation is not once, but continued continuously during the term of the agreement is valid.
Function
According to the function of international treaties are divided into 2 types, namely:
Law making treaties "agreements that form the law" is an agreement that states the provisions or legal principles for the international community as a whole "multirateral". This agreement is open for third parties. For example, the 1958 Vienna convention on diplomatic relations.
Treaty contract "special agreements" that are agreements that give rise to obligations for countries that have only "bilateral agreements", for example the 1995 Ri-Chinese Citizenship Treaty.
Forming Process
According to the process of forming an international agreement, it can be divided into two types, namely:
Significant agreements are made through negotiation, signing and ratification processes
A simple agreement is made through two stages, namely negotiation and signing.
Thus the discussion of the Classification of International Treaties along with an explanation hopefully with this review can add insight and knowledge of you all, thank you very much for your visit.
Definition of Form and Benefits of Inter-Country Cooperation
Nation is a group of people who are considered national in this case have a shared identity and have the same language, religion, ideology, culture and history, they are generally considered to have the same ancestry.
Form and Benefits of Complete Inter-Country Cooperation
It is impossible for a nation to fulfill its own needs, with these conditions causing each country to make a partnership so that the prosperity of the people will be prosperous. Dunis consists of various countries, which between one country and another need a partnership called international cooperation.
Cooperation between countries can occur because of different geographical potentials, some developed countries have the skills to process natural resources, but do not have natural resources.
On the other hand, a country has abundant natural potential but does not have skilled labor. Then these conditions lead to cooperation between countries that have high technology, with countries that have natural resources that need to be processed.
Form of Cooperation Between Countries
The forms of cooperation are bilateral, regional and international cooperation. For more details, just refer to the review below.
Bilateral cooperation is cooperation between two countries, which occurs because of a bilateral agreement.
Regional cooperation is the cooperation of several countries in a regional cooperation area, due to multirateral agreements.
International cooperation is cooperation between countries around the world.
Benefits of International Cooperation
The cooperation carried out by each country can cover various fields, including ideology, politics, economics, socio-cultural and defense and security. Every collaboration is done on the basis of benefits. And the benefits of cooperation between countries include:
Respect and respect each other's ideology.
Mutually beneficial to both parties in improving economic prosperity.
Improving the application of science and technology and overcoming things that can damage the culture.
Improve defense and security capabilities.
And realize world order and peace as well
Creating a social atmosphere that is harmonious, harmonious and balanced.
Classification of International Treaties and their Descriptions
In an international agreement is an international agreement governed by international relations and signed in written form. In international treaties can give birth to certain legal consequences for the parties involved.
International agreements can involve individuals, groups, organizations or countries. International agreements can be distinguished based on several criteria. The classification can be based on the source and number of participants, structure and object, method of entry into force and instruments of international agreements.
Source and Number of Participants
According to the source, in an international agreement itself it can be divided into several types, including:
Inter-country agreements carried out by many countries are objects of international law.
Agreement between countries with other international subjects.
Agreements between international legal subjects other than countries.
International agreements according to the number of parties to an agreement consist of bilateral and multirateral agreements.
Bilateral agreement means an agreement between two countries.
Multirateral agreement means an agreement that involves many countries.
The contents
According to its contents, international agreements can be divided into several types, including:
Political aspects such as defense pacts and peace pacts, for example NATO, ANZUS and SEATO.
Economic aspects, such as economic and financial assistance, for example APEC, CGI, IMF. IBRD and so on.
In terms of law such as citizenship status "American-China".
Territorial boundaries such as territorial sea, land boundary and so on.
In terms of health such as quarantine issues, disease outbreak prevention and so on.
The Nature of the Implementation
According to the nature of the implementation of the international agreement can be divided into two types, namely:
Agreements that determine "dispositive treaties" are agreements whose intent and purpose are considered to have been reached according to the contents of the agreement.
Agreement that is carried out "executory treaties" is an agreement whose implementation is not once, but continued continuously during the term of the agreement is valid.
Function
According to the function of international treaties are divided into 2 types, namely:
Law making treaties "agreements that form the law" is an agreement that states the provisions or legal principles for the international community as a whole "multirateral". This agreement is open for third parties. For example, the 1958 Vienna convention on diplomatic relations.
Treaty contract "special agreements" that are agreements that give rise to obligations for countries that have only "bilateral agreements", for example the 1995 Ri-Chinese Citizenship Treaty.
Forming Process
According to the process of forming an international agreement, it can be divided into two types, namely:
Significant agreements are made through negotiation, signing and ratification processes
A simple agreement is made through two stages, namely negotiation and signing.
Thus the discussion of the Classification of International Treaties along with an explanation hopefully with this review can add insight and knowledge of you all, thank you very much for your visit.
Purpose of International Organizations
Purpose of International Organizations
The goals of international organizations can be divided into two, namely general goals and special objectives. The general goal is the goal that every international organization wants to achieve in general. Specific objectives are the specific objectives to be achieved by each type of international organization.
The general objectives of international organizations are as follows.
To realize and maintain world peace, and international security in a variety of ways chosen by the relevant international organizations among the ways and efforts provided by international law.
Organize and to improve the welfare of the world and member countries, through various means chosen and in accordance with the relevant international organizations.
The specific purpose of international organizations is to make international organizations a forum, forum, or tool to achieve a common goal that is characteristic of each organization.
That is a review of International Organizations: Understanding, Kinds, and Purpose and Examples in Complete Example Hopefully what is discussed above is useful for readers. That is all and thank you.
The UN special body is as follows.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), namely food and agriculture organizations.
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), namely general tariff and trade agreements.
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), the international atomic energy agency.
IBRD (International Bank of Reconstruction and Development), namely the international reconstruction and development bank.
ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization), which is an international civil aviation organization.
IDA (International Development Association), namely the international civil development association.
IFC (International Finance Corporation), an international financial cooperative.
ILO (International Labor Organization), which is an international labor organization.
IMCO (Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization), which is an intergovernmental maritime consultancy organization.
IMF (International Monetary Fund), which is an international funding agency.
ITU (International Telecomunication Union), which is an international telecommunications union.
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), namely the UN trade and development conference.
UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization), namely educational, scientific and cultural organizations.
UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) is a United Nations organization that specializes in dealing with children's problems.
UNDP (United Nations Development Program), namely the UN development program.
UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refuges), namely the UN high commission on refugee matters.
WHO (World Health Organization), an international health organization.
Classification of International Treaties and their Descriptions
In an international agreement is an international agreement governed by international relations and signed in written form. In international treaties can give birth to certain legal consequences for the parties involved.
International agreements can involve individuals, groups, organizations or countries. International agreements can be distinguished based on several criteria. The classification can be based on the source and number of participants, structure and object, method of entry into force and instruments of international agreements.
Source and Number of Participants
According to the source, in an international agreement itself it can be divided into several types, including:
Inter-country agreements carried out by many countries are objects of international law.
Agreement between countries with other international subjects.
Agreements between international legal subjects other than countries.
International agreements according to the number of parties to an agreement consist of bilateral and multirateral agreements.
Bilateral agreement means an agreement between two countries.
Multirateral agreement means an agreement that involves many countries.
The contents
According to its contents, international agreements can be divided into several types, including:
Political aspects such as defense pacts and peace pacts, for example NATO, ANZUS and SEATO.
Economic aspects, such as economic and financial assistance, for example APEC, CGI, IMF. IBRD and so on.
In terms of law such as citizenship status "American-China".
Territorial boundaries such as territorial sea, land boundary and so on.
In terms of health such as quarantine issues, disease outbreak prevention and so on.
The goals of international organizations can be divided into two, namely general goals and special objectives. The general goal is the goal that every international organization wants to achieve in general. Specific objectives are the specific objectives to be achieved by each type of international organization.
The general objectives of international organizations are as follows.
To realize and maintain world peace, and international security in a variety of ways chosen by the relevant international organizations among the ways and efforts provided by international law.
Organize and to improve the welfare of the world and member countries, through various means chosen and in accordance with the relevant international organizations.
The specific purpose of international organizations is to make international organizations a forum, forum, or tool to achieve a common goal that is characteristic of each organization.
That is a review of International Organizations: Understanding, Kinds, and Purpose and Examples in Complete Example Hopefully what is discussed above is useful for readers. That is all and thank you.
The UN special body is as follows.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), namely food and agriculture organizations.
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), namely general tariff and trade agreements.
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), the international atomic energy agency.
IBRD (International Bank of Reconstruction and Development), namely the international reconstruction and development bank.
ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization), which is an international civil aviation organization.
IDA (International Development Association), namely the international civil development association.
IFC (International Finance Corporation), an international financial cooperative.
ILO (International Labor Organization), which is an international labor organization.
IMCO (Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization), which is an intergovernmental maritime consultancy organization.
IMF (International Monetary Fund), which is an international funding agency.
ITU (International Telecomunication Union), which is an international telecommunications union.
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), namely the UN trade and development conference.
UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization), namely educational, scientific and cultural organizations.
UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) is a United Nations organization that specializes in dealing with children's problems.
UNDP (United Nations Development Program), namely the UN development program.
UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refuges), namely the UN high commission on refugee matters.
WHO (World Health Organization), an international health organization.
Classification of International Treaties and their Descriptions
In an international agreement is an international agreement governed by international relations and signed in written form. In international treaties can give birth to certain legal consequences for the parties involved.
International agreements can involve individuals, groups, organizations or countries. International agreements can be distinguished based on several criteria. The classification can be based on the source and number of participants, structure and object, method of entry into force and instruments of international agreements.
Source and Number of Participants
According to the source, in an international agreement itself it can be divided into several types, including:
Inter-country agreements carried out by many countries are objects of international law.
Agreement between countries with other international subjects.
Agreements between international legal subjects other than countries.
International agreements according to the number of parties to an agreement consist of bilateral and multirateral agreements.
Bilateral agreement means an agreement between two countries.
Multirateral agreement means an agreement that involves many countries.
The contents
According to its contents, international agreements can be divided into several types, including:
Political aspects such as defense pacts and peace pacts, for example NATO, ANZUS and SEATO.
Economic aspects, such as economic and financial assistance, for example APEC, CGI, IMF. IBRD and so on.
In terms of law such as citizenship status "American-China".
Territorial boundaries such as territorial sea, land boundary and so on.
In terms of health such as quarantine issues, disease outbreak prevention and so on.
Principle of International Relations
Principle of International Relations
According to Hugo de Groot, stated that state relations will create equality between the countries involved in it, and realize a common interest for progress. In international relations, it is known by several principles which are based on regions and a scope of enactment of legal provisions for regions and their respective citizens.
There are three principles in international relations that influence each other, namely as follows:
1. Territorial Principle
The territorial principle is based on a state's power over its territory. In this principle, all citizens and all items in their territory are governed by a state law. So, for something outside its territory, an international law will apply.
2. Nationality Principle
The principle of nationality is based on a state's authority to protect its citizens. In this principle, a law of his country will apply to every citizen wherever he is. So this principle will apply even if citizens are in a foreign territory (not the territory of their country).
3. Principle of Public Interest
This principle is based on the authority of the state to protect and adhere to an interest in community life. In this principle, the State can adjust to all circumstances and an event that has to do with the public interest. So this principle is not bound to the boundaries of a country's territory.
These three principles are very calculated in establishing an international relationship. Because without these three principles a variety of international chaos will arise, therefore the relationship of a country and other countries must have a rule in the form of international law.
Patterns of International Relations
The pattern of relations between nations has 3 kinds, namely:
Colonialism of a nation over another nation, dependence of a nation on the direction of other nations and equal relations.
1. Colonialism
Colonialism is essentially a exploitation by one nation over another nation which is caused by a development of capitalist understanding, in which the invaders' corners will need raw materials for their industries and / or markets for their industrial products. The essence of colonialism here. that is a control over the territory of another nation.
2. Pattern of Dependency
This one pattern usually occurs in a developing country that lacks capital and technology to develop a country, forced to rely on an assistance of developed countries whose results will result in dependence on these developed countries. This one pattern of relationship is also known as neo-colonialism (colonialism in a new form).
3. Equal Relationship Patterns
This one relationship pattern is the most difficult to realize, but a very ideal relationship pattern because it strives to achieve mutual prosperity, in accordance with the second precepts of the Pancasila, which demands a respect for the direction of human nature as equal beings regardless of an ideology, form of state or system his government.
Means of International Relations
An international relationship will require a tool that can be used by countries that establish international relations according to J. Fradhel, as follows:
1. Diplomacy
Diplomacy is all forms of an activity used to determine a goal, and use the ability to achieve that goal, adjusting the national interests with other countries, making national goals that work for the interests of the nation and state, and using the facilities and opportunities as well as possible.
2. Propaganda
Propaganda is a business that has been systematically regulated and is used to influence a group's thoughts, emotions and actions in the interests of the general public, but not in the interests of its government. Information in any form can be used as propaganda without media restrictions.
3. Economic, Social and Cultural
Utilizing an Economic, social and cultural tool can help increase state income and is a very effective tool.
4. Military Strength
In this one facility can increase a country's confidence in facing various threats from other countries. Also needed in forming a joint readiness to deal with the possibility of undesirable things happening.
That is a review of International Relations: Understanding, Purpose, Principles, and Patterns and Complete Suggestions Hopefully what is discussed above is useful for the reader. That is all and thank you.
According to Hugo de Groot, stated that state relations will create equality between the countries involved in it, and realize a common interest for progress. In international relations, it is known by several principles which are based on regions and a scope of enactment of legal provisions for regions and their respective citizens.
There are three principles in international relations that influence each other, namely as follows:
1. Territorial Principle
The territorial principle is based on a state's power over its territory. In this principle, all citizens and all items in their territory are governed by a state law. So, for something outside its territory, an international law will apply.
2. Nationality Principle
The principle of nationality is based on a state's authority to protect its citizens. In this principle, a law of his country will apply to every citizen wherever he is. So this principle will apply even if citizens are in a foreign territory (not the territory of their country).
3. Principle of Public Interest
This principle is based on the authority of the state to protect and adhere to an interest in community life. In this principle, the State can adjust to all circumstances and an event that has to do with the public interest. So this principle is not bound to the boundaries of a country's territory.
These three principles are very calculated in establishing an international relationship. Because without these three principles a variety of international chaos will arise, therefore the relationship of a country and other countries must have a rule in the form of international law.
Patterns of International Relations
The pattern of relations between nations has 3 kinds, namely:
Colonialism of a nation over another nation, dependence of a nation on the direction of other nations and equal relations.
1. Colonialism
Colonialism is essentially a exploitation by one nation over another nation which is caused by a development of capitalist understanding, in which the invaders' corners will need raw materials for their industries and / or markets for their industrial products. The essence of colonialism here. that is a control over the territory of another nation.
2. Pattern of Dependency
This one pattern usually occurs in a developing country that lacks capital and technology to develop a country, forced to rely on an assistance of developed countries whose results will result in dependence on these developed countries. This one pattern of relationship is also known as neo-colonialism (colonialism in a new form).
3. Equal Relationship Patterns
This one relationship pattern is the most difficult to realize, but a very ideal relationship pattern because it strives to achieve mutual prosperity, in accordance with the second precepts of the Pancasila, which demands a respect for the direction of human nature as equal beings regardless of an ideology, form of state or system his government.
Means of International Relations
An international relationship will require a tool that can be used by countries that establish international relations according to J. Fradhel, as follows:
1. Diplomacy
Diplomacy is all forms of an activity used to determine a goal, and use the ability to achieve that goal, adjusting the national interests with other countries, making national goals that work for the interests of the nation and state, and using the facilities and opportunities as well as possible.
2. Propaganda
Propaganda is a business that has been systematically regulated and is used to influence a group's thoughts, emotions and actions in the interests of the general public, but not in the interests of its government. Information in any form can be used as propaganda without media restrictions.
3. Economic, Social and Cultural
Utilizing an Economic, social and cultural tool can help increase state income and is a very effective tool.
4. Military Strength
In this one facility can increase a country's confidence in facing various threats from other countries. Also needed in forming a joint readiness to deal with the possibility of undesirable things happening.
That is a review of International Relations: Understanding, Purpose, Principles, and Patterns and Complete Suggestions Hopefully what is discussed above is useful for the reader. That is all and thank you.
Definition and Benefits of International Relations
Definition and Benefits of International Relations
International Relations: Definition, Means, Benefits, Objectives, Principles, and Patterns
In establishing a relationship not only among individuals, but it can be a group or country that can establish a relationship between countries. On this occasion here will be a complete review of international relations. Therefore, let us consider the review below.
Definition of International Relations
International relations or relations between nations is a human interaction between nations both individually and in groups, which is carried out either directly or indirectly and can be in the form of friendship, dispute, hostility or war.
Understanding International Relations According to Experts
1. Sincere Warsito
According to Tulus Warsito revealed that international relations is a study of the interaction of foreign politics from several corners.
2. Drs. R. Soeprapto
According to Soeprapto revealed that international relations is as a specialization that integrates other branches of knowledge that study the international aspects of human social life.
3. Kenneth Watts. Thompson
According to Kenneth revealed that international relations is a study of a rivalry between nations and the conditions and institutions that improve or worsen a rivalry.
4. J.C. Johari
According to Johari, international relations is a study of an interaction which takes place between sovereign states, besides that it is also a study of non-state actors whose behavior has a joint impact on the tasks of the State.
5. Couloumbis and Wolfe
According to Couloumbis and Wolfe revealed that international relations is a systematic study of phenomena that can be observed and try to get a basic variable to explain behavior and reveal a characteristic or type of relationship between social units.
6. Mochtar Mas’oed
According to Mochtar revealed that international relations is a relationship that is very complex because in it there are / involved a nation that each sovereign which thus requires a more complicated mechanism for relations between groups.
7. Jeremy Bentham
According to Jeremy Benham, international relations is a science which is a unified discipline and has a scope and basic concepts.
8. John Lewis Gaddis
According to John Lewis Gaddis revealed that international relations is a field of study that is useful for a statesman in a way to build a better world.
9. Ishaq Rahman
According to Ishaq Rahman stated that international relations is a science that is identified with a relationship between countries.
10. Couloumbis
According to Couloumbis revealed that international relations is a science that studies a pattern of action and reaction between sovereign states in which the behavior of the government elite is an indicator.
The Purpose of International Relations
To spur economic growth in each country
To create mutual understanding between nations in fostering and establishing a peace
To create justice and prosperity for all people in the world
To establish an international relationship between the countries concerned.
To establish a cooperation in the political, economic, social and cultural
To meet the needs of its citizens
To open up opportunities in marketing domestic products abroad
To facilitate an economic relationship between countries.
Benefits of international relations
For , among others are:
The benefits of ideology, namely to maintain and sustain the survival of the nation and state;
Political benefits, namely to support the implementation of political policies and foreign relations dedicated to the national interest, especially for the benefit of development in all fields;
Economic benefits, namely to support efforts to increase national economic development;
Socio-cultural benefits, namely to support efforts to foster and develop the socio-cultural values of the nation in an effort to overcome any forms of threats, challenges, obstacles, disturbances and international crime, in the context of implementing national development;
Benefits of international peace and security, namely to support efforts to maintain and restore international peace, security and stability;
Humanitarian benefits, namely to support efforts to prevent and deal with each form of disaster and the rehabilitation of its consequences;
Another benefit is to improve the role and image of World in international forums and relations between countries and the trust of the international community. "
International Relations: Definition, Means, Benefits, Objectives, Principles, and Patterns
In establishing a relationship not only among individuals, but it can be a group or country that can establish a relationship between countries. On this occasion here will be a complete review of international relations. Therefore, let us consider the review below.
Definition of International Relations
International relations or relations between nations is a human interaction between nations both individually and in groups, which is carried out either directly or indirectly and can be in the form of friendship, dispute, hostility or war.
Understanding International Relations According to Experts
1. Sincere Warsito
According to Tulus Warsito revealed that international relations is a study of the interaction of foreign politics from several corners.
2. Drs. R. Soeprapto
According to Soeprapto revealed that international relations is as a specialization that integrates other branches of knowledge that study the international aspects of human social life.
3. Kenneth Watts. Thompson
According to Kenneth revealed that international relations is a study of a rivalry between nations and the conditions and institutions that improve or worsen a rivalry.
4. J.C. Johari
According to Johari, international relations is a study of an interaction which takes place between sovereign states, besides that it is also a study of non-state actors whose behavior has a joint impact on the tasks of the State.
5. Couloumbis and Wolfe
According to Couloumbis and Wolfe revealed that international relations is a systematic study of phenomena that can be observed and try to get a basic variable to explain behavior and reveal a characteristic or type of relationship between social units.
6. Mochtar Mas’oed
According to Mochtar revealed that international relations is a relationship that is very complex because in it there are / involved a nation that each sovereign which thus requires a more complicated mechanism for relations between groups.
7. Jeremy Bentham
According to Jeremy Benham, international relations is a science which is a unified discipline and has a scope and basic concepts.
8. John Lewis Gaddis
According to John Lewis Gaddis revealed that international relations is a field of study that is useful for a statesman in a way to build a better world.
9. Ishaq Rahman
According to Ishaq Rahman stated that international relations is a science that is identified with a relationship between countries.
10. Couloumbis
According to Couloumbis revealed that international relations is a science that studies a pattern of action and reaction between sovereign states in which the behavior of the government elite is an indicator.
The Purpose of International Relations
To spur economic growth in each country
To create mutual understanding between nations in fostering and establishing a peace
To create justice and prosperity for all people in the world
To establish an international relationship between the countries concerned.
To establish a cooperation in the political, economic, social and cultural
To meet the needs of its citizens
To open up opportunities in marketing domestic products abroad
To facilitate an economic relationship between countries.
Benefits of international relations
For , among others are:
The benefits of ideology, namely to maintain and sustain the survival of the nation and state;
Political benefits, namely to support the implementation of political policies and foreign relations dedicated to the national interest, especially for the benefit of development in all fields;
Economic benefits, namely to support efforts to increase national economic development;
Socio-cultural benefits, namely to support efforts to foster and develop the socio-cultural values of the nation in an effort to overcome any forms of threats, challenges, obstacles, disturbances and international crime, in the context of implementing national development;
Benefits of international peace and security, namely to support efforts to maintain and restore international peace, security and stability;
Humanitarian benefits, namely to support efforts to prevent and deal with each form of disaster and the rehabilitation of its consequences;
Another benefit is to improve the role and image of World in international forums and relations between countries and the trust of the international community. "
Examples of Multicultural Communities
Examples of Multicultural Communities
Racial Diversity
One of the impacts of opening up Indonesia's geographical location is that many foreign nations can enter and interact with the Indonesian people. For example, descendants of Arabic, Indian, Persian, Chinese, Hadramaut, and others. With history, we can trace how its origin.
Foreign nations not only live and live in Indonesia, but are also able to develop from generation to generation to form social groups in our society. They interact with indigenous people from time to time. Some of them even dominate the life of the national economy. For example, Chinese descent.
Examples of Conflicts that Arise Due to Diversity
As explained earlier, the diversity of ethnic groups that Indonesia possesses is the strength of the Indonesian nation itself. In addition, this situation makes Indonesia have added value in the eyes of the world. However, on the other hand, the reality of Indonesia's diversity has great potential to cause social conflicts in a way of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, and tradition).
Therefore, the ability to manage the diversity of ethnic groups is needed to prevent disunity that disrupts national unity. Conflicts that occur in Indonesia generally arise as a result of ethnic, religious, racial, and cultural diversity, such as inter-ethnic conflicts that occur in West Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi, Papua, and others.
In West Kalimantan, the gaps in the bureaucratic and legal treatment of the indigenous Dayak and Madura tribes caused deep disappointment. Finally, this feeling explodes in the form of horizontal conflict. Marginalized Dayaks are increasingly marginalized by discriminatory policies. While law enforcement against one group did not work as it should.
Whereas in Poso, Central Sulawesi a conflict of nuances first occurred on December 24, 1998, triggered by a drunken young Christian wounding a young Muslim in the Sayo Mosque.
Then in mid-April 2000, another conflict was triggered by a fight between a drunken Christian youth and a Muslim youth at the Poso City bus terminal. This fight led to the spread of Pamona settlements in Lambogia Village. Furthermore, Christian settlements take countermeasures.
From these two cases, it can be seen how differences can trigger social conflict. Differences that are addressed with anticipation will only lead to misery and suffering for many people. Therefore, how we behave in diversity really needs attention.
Problem Solving Diversity
Using Local Wisdom
There are positive and negative sides of the presence of hundreds of ethnic groups in Indonesia. Besides being able to enrich the treasury of national culture, it also triggers the emergence of social disintegration. We often hear about tribal wars or interethnic social conflicts in Indonesia. There are many underlying reasons.
But, what's interesting is that there are many ethnic groups who have a mechanism or a way to solve the problem. The story of community life in the Baliem Valley, may be an example of local wisdom that we can make a reference in an effort to find solutions to interethnic or inter-ethnic problems in Indonesia.
Using National Wisdom
When we are faced with various conflicts and disputes that occur between ethnic or ethnic groups in Indonesia, learning from history is the most appropriate way. During the Dutch colonial period, we felt how difficult it was to assemble the value of unity to face the colonizing nation together.
Until when we began to realize it in 1928. At that time we recognized Indonesia as a shared identity, which was able to overcome a number of cultural differences between existing ethnic groups. Indonesian nationalism was formed in the form of recognition of language, homeland, and nationality. The impact is the struggle against Dutch colonialism is increasingly showing the results.
The culmination of the search for identity was found when agreed upon as the basis of the state and direction / direction of national life. The complexity of the diversity of society and culture in Indonesia can be shared together.
This is the basis of the state used by our founding fathers when establishing a new national state. It is called a national state because Indonesia consists of hundreds of ethnic groups that can coexist in the bond of the Unitary Republic of the Republic.
Racial Diversity
One of the impacts of opening up Indonesia's geographical location is that many foreign nations can enter and interact with the Indonesian people. For example, descendants of Arabic, Indian, Persian, Chinese, Hadramaut, and others. With history, we can trace how its origin.
Foreign nations not only live and live in Indonesia, but are also able to develop from generation to generation to form social groups in our society. They interact with indigenous people from time to time. Some of them even dominate the life of the national economy. For example, Chinese descent.
Examples of Conflicts that Arise Due to Diversity
As explained earlier, the diversity of ethnic groups that Indonesia possesses is the strength of the Indonesian nation itself. In addition, this situation makes Indonesia have added value in the eyes of the world. However, on the other hand, the reality of Indonesia's diversity has great potential to cause social conflicts in a way of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, and tradition).
Therefore, the ability to manage the diversity of ethnic groups is needed to prevent disunity that disrupts national unity. Conflicts that occur in Indonesia generally arise as a result of ethnic, religious, racial, and cultural diversity, such as inter-ethnic conflicts that occur in West Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi, Papua, and others.
In West Kalimantan, the gaps in the bureaucratic and legal treatment of the indigenous Dayak and Madura tribes caused deep disappointment. Finally, this feeling explodes in the form of horizontal conflict. Marginalized Dayaks are increasingly marginalized by discriminatory policies. While law enforcement against one group did not work as it should.
Whereas in Poso, Central Sulawesi a conflict of nuances first occurred on December 24, 1998, triggered by a drunken young Christian wounding a young Muslim in the Sayo Mosque.
Then in mid-April 2000, another conflict was triggered by a fight between a drunken Christian youth and a Muslim youth at the Poso City bus terminal. This fight led to the spread of Pamona settlements in Lambogia Village. Furthermore, Christian settlements take countermeasures.
From these two cases, it can be seen how differences can trigger social conflict. Differences that are addressed with anticipation will only lead to misery and suffering for many people. Therefore, how we behave in diversity really needs attention.
Problem Solving Diversity
Using Local Wisdom
There are positive and negative sides of the presence of hundreds of ethnic groups in Indonesia. Besides being able to enrich the treasury of national culture, it also triggers the emergence of social disintegration. We often hear about tribal wars or interethnic social conflicts in Indonesia. There are many underlying reasons.
But, what's interesting is that there are many ethnic groups who have a mechanism or a way to solve the problem. The story of community life in the Baliem Valley, may be an example of local wisdom that we can make a reference in an effort to find solutions to interethnic or inter-ethnic problems in Indonesia.
Using National Wisdom
When we are faced with various conflicts and disputes that occur between ethnic or ethnic groups in Indonesia, learning from history is the most appropriate way. During the Dutch colonial period, we felt how difficult it was to assemble the value of unity to face the colonizing nation together.
Until when we began to realize it in 1928. At that time we recognized Indonesia as a shared identity, which was able to overcome a number of cultural differences between existing ethnic groups. Indonesian nationalism was formed in the form of recognition of language, homeland, and nationality. The impact is the struggle against Dutch colonialism is increasingly showing the results.
The culmination of the search for identity was found when agreed upon as the basis of the state and direction / direction of national life. The complexity of the diversity of society and culture in Indonesia can be shared together.
This is the basis of the state used by our founding fathers when establishing a new national state. It is called a national state because Indonesia consists of hundreds of ethnic groups that can coexist in the bond of the Unitary Republic of the Republic.
Characteristics and Factors of Multicultural Communities
Characteristics and Factors of Multicultural Communities
Has a structure that is divided into non-complementary institutions. In a multicultural society not only have formal institutions that must be obeyed, but they also have informal (non-complementary) institutions that must be obeyed. In other words, they are more obedient and respectful to these non-complementary institutions because they are led by traditional leaders who are emotionally closer.
Lack of developing consensus among members of basic values. Multicultural society with a variety of races, ethnicities, and religions causes different perceptions, experiences, habits, and knowledge will cause
the difficulty of getting agreement on the values and norms that are the basis of their footing. In short, this society is difficult to unite because of the differences they hold.
Relatively social integration grows on coercion and is economically interdependent. With a variety of differences, multicultural society is difficult to get agreement on various things.
Therefore, to unite it there must be coercion in order to achieve social integration. In addition, these communities are economically interdependent due to their proximity to their groups.
The political dominance of one group over another group Multicultural society has different groups economically and politically. It is undeniable that there will be groups that dominate politics and naturally these groups usually impose their political policies for the benefit of their own groups.
Factors That Cause Multicultural Communities
Factors of Indonesian History. Indonesia is a country that has abundant natural resources, especially in terms of spices. So that many foreign countries want to colonize such as Portugal, the Netherlands, Britain and Japan.
Thus they stay for long periods of time and some even get married to the Indonesian people. This condition adds to the cultural and racial wealth in Indonesia.
Factors Influencing Foreign Culture. Globalization is an important process in spreading culture in the world community, especially Indonesia with its democratic system being an open country.
With this openness, the community easily accepts cultures that come from outside even though there is often a clash of foreign cultures with local cultures. The entry of foreign cultures is one of the factors that enrich culture and make people into multicultural societies.
Geographical Factors. Aside from that, a spice-rich country, Indonesia also has a strategic geographical location, which is between two continents and two oceans, so that Indonesia is made as an international trade channel.
Because as a trade route, many foreign countries come to Indonesia with trading destinations such as China, India, Arabic and European countries. This condition adds to the culture that enters Indonesia and the creation of a multicultural society.
Physical and geological factors. When viewed from the geological structure of Indonesia is located between three different plates, namely Asia, Australia, and the Pacific. This condition makes Indonesia an island island and has several geological types such as: Asiatic type, transitional type, and Australis type.
With islands, the life of each island varies according to the condition of the island. Communities on small islands will experience natural resource difficulties, and large islands have a lot of natural resources. This is what makes the culture of each island different.
Different Climate Factors In addition to having various islands in Indonesia that affect people's culture, the climate also greatly influences culture in Indonesia such as: people in mountainous regions with a cool climate form a friendly culture of the community. Whereas people who are on the beach which has a hot climate to form emotional control someone more easily angry.
Ethnic Diversity
Indonesia is one of the countries in the world that has enormous cultural wealth. The cause is the existence of hundreds of ethnic groups that live and develop in various places in the territory of Indonesia. We can imagine what would happen if each ethnic group had character, customs, language, customs, and so on.
Religious Diversity
The location of the archipelago in the cross position between two oceans and two continents clearly has an important influence on the emergence of a diversity of societies and cultures.
With the support of abundant natural resource potential, Indonesia is a target for shipping and world trade. Especially since interisland trading and shipping networks have been formed. The impact of interactions with other nations is the entry of various forms of religious and cultural influence.
In addition to conducting trading activities, Islamic, Hindu, Buddhist merchants also carry and spread their religious teachings. Especially after Western nations also entered and involved in it.
Large religions also emerged and developed in Indonesia, with a number of different adherents. Harmony among religions is the dream of almost everyone, because no religion teaches hostility.
Has a structure that is divided into non-complementary institutions. In a multicultural society not only have formal institutions that must be obeyed, but they also have informal (non-complementary) institutions that must be obeyed. In other words, they are more obedient and respectful to these non-complementary institutions because they are led by traditional leaders who are emotionally closer.
Lack of developing consensus among members of basic values. Multicultural society with a variety of races, ethnicities, and religions causes different perceptions, experiences, habits, and knowledge will cause
the difficulty of getting agreement on the values and norms that are the basis of their footing. In short, this society is difficult to unite because of the differences they hold.
Relatively social integration grows on coercion and is economically interdependent. With a variety of differences, multicultural society is difficult to get agreement on various things.
Therefore, to unite it there must be coercion in order to achieve social integration. In addition, these communities are economically interdependent due to their proximity to their groups.
The political dominance of one group over another group Multicultural society has different groups economically and politically. It is undeniable that there will be groups that dominate politics and naturally these groups usually impose their political policies for the benefit of their own groups.
Factors That Cause Multicultural Communities
Factors of Indonesian History. Indonesia is a country that has abundant natural resources, especially in terms of spices. So that many foreign countries want to colonize such as Portugal, the Netherlands, Britain and Japan.
Thus they stay for long periods of time and some even get married to the Indonesian people. This condition adds to the cultural and racial wealth in Indonesia.
Factors Influencing Foreign Culture. Globalization is an important process in spreading culture in the world community, especially Indonesia with its democratic system being an open country.
With this openness, the community easily accepts cultures that come from outside even though there is often a clash of foreign cultures with local cultures. The entry of foreign cultures is one of the factors that enrich culture and make people into multicultural societies.
Geographical Factors. Aside from that, a spice-rich country, Indonesia also has a strategic geographical location, which is between two continents and two oceans, so that Indonesia is made as an international trade channel.
Because as a trade route, many foreign countries come to Indonesia with trading destinations such as China, India, Arabic and European countries. This condition adds to the culture that enters Indonesia and the creation of a multicultural society.
Physical and geological factors. When viewed from the geological structure of Indonesia is located between three different plates, namely Asia, Australia, and the Pacific. This condition makes Indonesia an island island and has several geological types such as: Asiatic type, transitional type, and Australis type.
With islands, the life of each island varies according to the condition of the island. Communities on small islands will experience natural resource difficulties, and large islands have a lot of natural resources. This is what makes the culture of each island different.
Different Climate Factors In addition to having various islands in Indonesia that affect people's culture, the climate also greatly influences culture in Indonesia such as: people in mountainous regions with a cool climate form a friendly culture of the community. Whereas people who are on the beach which has a hot climate to form emotional control someone more easily angry.
Ethnic Diversity
Indonesia is one of the countries in the world that has enormous cultural wealth. The cause is the existence of hundreds of ethnic groups that live and develop in various places in the territory of Indonesia. We can imagine what would happen if each ethnic group had character, customs, language, customs, and so on.
Religious Diversity
The location of the archipelago in the cross position between two oceans and two continents clearly has an important influence on the emergence of a diversity of societies and cultures.
With the support of abundant natural resource potential, Indonesia is a target for shipping and world trade. Especially since interisland trading and shipping networks have been formed. The impact of interactions with other nations is the entry of various forms of religious and cultural influence.
In addition to conducting trading activities, Islamic, Hindu, Buddhist merchants also carry and spread their religious teachings. Especially after Western nations also entered and involved in it.
Large religions also emerged and developed in Indonesia, with a number of different adherents. Harmony among religions is the dream of almost everyone, because no religion teaches hostility.
Multicultural Communities: Definition and Characteristics
Multicultural Communities: Definition and Characteristics
Multicultural Communities: Definition, Characteristics, Characteristics, Causes, and Examples - The term Multiculturalism has recently begun to be discussed in various circles regarding the outbreak of ethnic conflict in the country. Multiculturalism owned by Indonesia is considered a major factor in the occurrence of conflict.
Conflicts related to SARA, namely ethnicity, religion, race, and intergroup relations that occur in Aceh, Ambon, Papua, Kupang, Maluku and various other regions, are realities that can threaten national integration on the one hand and require concrete solutions for resolution on the other. Until the concept of multiculturalism emerged. Multiculturalism is used as the main reference for the formation of a peaceful multicultural society.
Multicultural Society
Understanding Multicultural Communities According to Experts
According to C.W. Watson (1998) in his book Multiculturalism
to talk about multicultural societies is to talk about the people of a country, nation, region, even a limited geographical location such as a city or school, which consists of people who have different cultures in equality.
J. S. Furnivall
Multicultural society: a society consisting of two or more communities (groups) that are culturally and economically fragmented and have institutional structures that differ from one another.
Based on the configuration (composition) and the ethnic community plural society is distinguished:
Compound society with balanced composition
Consists of a number of communities or ethnic groups that have more or less balanced competitive strengths. Inter-ethnic coalition is needed so that the community becomes stable
Compound society with a dominant majority
Consists of a number of ethnic communities with unbalanced competitive forces.
Majority ethnic groups dominate political and economic competition
Compound society with a dominant minority
Minority ethnic groups have broad competitive advantages that dominate the political and economic life of society
Compound society with fragmentation
Consists of a number of ethnic groups but all of them are in small numbers so that no single group has a dominant political or economic position Usually it is very stable even though it still holds the potential for conflict due to the low ability of coalition building.
Nasikun
Compound society: a society that adheres to a variety of value systems embraced by various social units that are its parts is such that members of the community lack loyalty to society as a whole, lack cultural homogeneity, and even lack the bases for mutual understanding of one to each other.
Pierre L. Van Den Berghe
Characteristics of multilultural societies:
There is segmentation into different forms of sub-cultural groups
Having a social structure that is divided into institutions that are noncomplementary
Lack of developing consensus among its members on basic values
Relatively often experience conflict between one group with another group
Relatively, social integration grows on coercion and interdependence in the economic field
The political dominance of one group over other groups
Clliford Geertz
Calling a multicultural society with a pluralistic society is marked by primordial ties which are interpreted as a culture of imaging or marking given (given). Each individual or group has a different character from other individuals or groups.
5 images created by the community but considered as God's gift:
Race
Language
Regional / geographical area
It is the basis for economic and political structures that are considered basic units in the life of ethnic groups and nations.
Religion
Culture
Includes language, religion, and social organization
Characteristics of Multicultural Communities
Having more than one cultural structure
Basic values that are mutually agreed are difficult to develop.
social conflicts often occur that smell SARA.
its social structure is more non-complementary in nature.
the integration process that occurs is slow.
economic, political and socio-cultural dominance often occurs.
In another sense, multicultural societies appear to live together despite different races, religions, and ethnicities (segmented), but in their daily lives they often prefer to be friends or associate with people from their areas because they are considered easier to communicate, have an inner bond the same, and have a lot in common.
Characteristics of Multicultural Communities
Pierre L. Va den Berghe, a leading sociologist, explains the characteristics of multicultural societies and predicts the consequences of daily life as follows:
There is segmentation into distinct sub-cultural groups (Primordial). Multicultural societies that are segmented in different sub-cultural groups are societies that are divided into small groups based on race, ethnicity, each religion and in association separately because individuals prefer to interact with people of one tribe, race, or religion alone.
Multicultural Communities: Definition, Characteristics, Characteristics, Causes, and Examples - The term Multiculturalism has recently begun to be discussed in various circles regarding the outbreak of ethnic conflict in the country. Multiculturalism owned by Indonesia is considered a major factor in the occurrence of conflict.
Conflicts related to SARA, namely ethnicity, religion, race, and intergroup relations that occur in Aceh, Ambon, Papua, Kupang, Maluku and various other regions, are realities that can threaten national integration on the one hand and require concrete solutions for resolution on the other. Until the concept of multiculturalism emerged. Multiculturalism is used as the main reference for the formation of a peaceful multicultural society.
Multicultural Society
Understanding Multicultural Communities According to Experts
According to C.W. Watson (1998) in his book Multiculturalism
to talk about multicultural societies is to talk about the people of a country, nation, region, even a limited geographical location such as a city or school, which consists of people who have different cultures in equality.
J. S. Furnivall
Multicultural society: a society consisting of two or more communities (groups) that are culturally and economically fragmented and have institutional structures that differ from one another.
Based on the configuration (composition) and the ethnic community plural society is distinguished:
Compound society with balanced composition
Consists of a number of communities or ethnic groups that have more or less balanced competitive strengths. Inter-ethnic coalition is needed so that the community becomes stable
Compound society with a dominant majority
Consists of a number of ethnic communities with unbalanced competitive forces.
Majority ethnic groups dominate political and economic competition
Compound society with a dominant minority
Minority ethnic groups have broad competitive advantages that dominate the political and economic life of society
Compound society with fragmentation
Consists of a number of ethnic groups but all of them are in small numbers so that no single group has a dominant political or economic position Usually it is very stable even though it still holds the potential for conflict due to the low ability of coalition building.
Nasikun
Compound society: a society that adheres to a variety of value systems embraced by various social units that are its parts is such that members of the community lack loyalty to society as a whole, lack cultural homogeneity, and even lack the bases for mutual understanding of one to each other.
Pierre L. Van Den Berghe
Characteristics of multilultural societies:
There is segmentation into different forms of sub-cultural groups
Having a social structure that is divided into institutions that are noncomplementary
Lack of developing consensus among its members on basic values
Relatively often experience conflict between one group with another group
Relatively, social integration grows on coercion and interdependence in the economic field
The political dominance of one group over other groups
Clliford Geertz
Calling a multicultural society with a pluralistic society is marked by primordial ties which are interpreted as a culture of imaging or marking given (given). Each individual or group has a different character from other individuals or groups.
5 images created by the community but considered as God's gift:
Race
Language
Regional / geographical area
It is the basis for economic and political structures that are considered basic units in the life of ethnic groups and nations.
Religion
Culture
Includes language, religion, and social organization
Characteristics of Multicultural Communities
Having more than one cultural structure
Basic values that are mutually agreed are difficult to develop.
social conflicts often occur that smell SARA.
its social structure is more non-complementary in nature.
the integration process that occurs is slow.
economic, political and socio-cultural dominance often occurs.
In another sense, multicultural societies appear to live together despite different races, religions, and ethnicities (segmented), but in their daily lives they often prefer to be friends or associate with people from their areas because they are considered easier to communicate, have an inner bond the same, and have a lot in common.
Characteristics of Multicultural Communities
Pierre L. Va den Berghe, a leading sociologist, explains the characteristics of multicultural societies and predicts the consequences of daily life as follows:
There is segmentation into distinct sub-cultural groups (Primordial). Multicultural societies that are segmented in different sub-cultural groups are societies that are divided into small groups based on race, ethnicity, each religion and in association separately because individuals prefer to interact with people of one tribe, race, or religion alone.
Kinds of Human Rights
Kinds of Human Rights (Human Rights)
a. Personal Rights (Perseonal Rights)
b. Economic Rights (Property Rights)
c. Political Rights
d. Rights of Legal Equality
e. Social and Culture Rights
f. Judicial Rights (Procedural Rights)
The explanation
There are various or also types of Human Rights (Ham), including the following:
a. Personal Rights (Perseonal Rights)
Personal rights are rights which include a freedom to express opinions, freedom to embrace religion, freedom to be able to move, freedom to be active in any organization or association, and so on.
For example :
The right to freedom in expressing or delivering or also expressing an opinion.
The right to freedom in carrying out a belief and also embracing a religion.
Kebabasan rights in traveling, visiting, and also moving places.
Customary Rights in choosing or determining an organization and also active in the organization.
b. Economic Rights (Property Rights)
Economic Human Rights is the right to be able to own, buy and sell, and also use something.
For example :
Human Rights regarding the freedom to be able to buy.
Human rights regarding freedom to enter into and also enter into contract agreements
Human rights regarding freedom to own something
Human rights regarding freedom to have a decent job.
Human rights regarding freedom to conduct transactions
Economic Rights in the world of work
c. Political Rights
Political Rights are the right to participate in government, the right to vote means the right to be elected and to choose, for example:
Human Rights to nominate as a leader of an area and so on
The right to be able to vote in an election
Human Rights to be able to establish political parties, and so on.
Human Rights regarding freedom to participate in government activities |
Political Rights in providing proposals or opinions in the form of petition proposals.
d. Rights of Legal Equality
Human Rights Law is the right to get an equal treatment in law and also government.
For example :
Rights in getting a service and also legal protection
Human rights in obtaining and also having legal defense in a court of law.
The same human rights in the legal process
Human Rights are treated equally or equally in law
e. Social and Culture Rights
Social and Cultural Rights are the rights that are involved in the community, namely to be able to have education, the right to be able to develop culture and so on.
Example :
Human Rights to determine education
Human Rights to be able to develop talents and interests
Human Rights to be able to develop Hobbies
Human Rights to be creative
f. Judicial Rights (Procedural Rights)
Judicial Rights are the right to get a judicial procedure and also protection (procedural rights), for example are regulations in terms of a detention, arrest and also search.
For example :
Human Rights get a fair treatment in law
Human Rights get a defense in law
The right to get the same thing in the process of a legal process both regarding investigation, search, arrest, and also detention.
Human Rights Characteristics
Cannot be revoked, meaning that human rights cannot be eliminated or handed over.
Cannot be shared, meaning that everyone has the right to all rights, whether civil and political rights or economic, social and cultural rights.
Essential, meaning that human rights are the human rights of all human beings who have existed since birth.
Universal, meaning that human rights apply to all people regardless of status, ethnicity, gender, or other differences. Equality is one of the basic human rights ideas.
a. Personal Rights (Perseonal Rights)
b. Economic Rights (Property Rights)
c. Political Rights
d. Rights of Legal Equality
e. Social and Culture Rights
f. Judicial Rights (Procedural Rights)
The explanation
There are various or also types of Human Rights (Ham), including the following:
a. Personal Rights (Perseonal Rights)
Personal rights are rights which include a freedom to express opinions, freedom to embrace religion, freedom to be able to move, freedom to be active in any organization or association, and so on.
For example :
The right to freedom in expressing or delivering or also expressing an opinion.
The right to freedom in carrying out a belief and also embracing a religion.
Kebabasan rights in traveling, visiting, and also moving places.
Customary Rights in choosing or determining an organization and also active in the organization.
b. Economic Rights (Property Rights)
Economic Human Rights is the right to be able to own, buy and sell, and also use something.
For example :
Human Rights regarding the freedom to be able to buy.
Human rights regarding freedom to enter into and also enter into contract agreements
Human rights regarding freedom to own something
Human rights regarding freedom to have a decent job.
Human rights regarding freedom to conduct transactions
Economic Rights in the world of work
c. Political Rights
Political Rights are the right to participate in government, the right to vote means the right to be elected and to choose, for example:
Human Rights to nominate as a leader of an area and so on
The right to be able to vote in an election
Human Rights to be able to establish political parties, and so on.
Human Rights regarding freedom to participate in government activities |
Political Rights in providing proposals or opinions in the form of petition proposals.
d. Rights of Legal Equality
Human Rights Law is the right to get an equal treatment in law and also government.
For example :
Rights in getting a service and also legal protection
Human rights in obtaining and also having legal defense in a court of law.
The same human rights in the legal process
Human Rights are treated equally or equally in law
e. Social and Culture Rights
Social and Cultural Rights are the rights that are involved in the community, namely to be able to have education, the right to be able to develop culture and so on.
Example :
Human Rights to determine education
Human Rights to be able to develop talents and interests
Human Rights to be able to develop Hobbies
Human Rights to be creative
f. Judicial Rights (Procedural Rights)
Judicial Rights are the right to get a judicial procedure and also protection (procedural rights), for example are regulations in terms of a detention, arrest and also search.
For example :
Human Rights get a fair treatment in law
Human Rights get a defense in law
The right to get the same thing in the process of a legal process both regarding investigation, search, arrest, and also detention.
Human Rights Characteristics
Cannot be revoked, meaning that human rights cannot be eliminated or handed over.
Cannot be shared, meaning that everyone has the right to all rights, whether civil and political rights or economic, social and cultural rights.
Essential, meaning that human rights are the human rights of all human beings who have existed since birth.
Universal, meaning that human rights apply to all people regardless of status, ethnicity, gender, or other differences. Equality is one of the basic human rights ideas.
Understanding Human Rights According to Experts
Understanding Human Rights According to Experts
The understanding according to several experts including:
1. According to Kevin Boyle and David Beetham
Human rights and fundamental freedoms are individual rights that stem from human needs and capacities.
2. According to Miriam Budiarjo
Human rights are rights possessed by every person who is brought from birth to the world, the rights are universal because they are owned without differences in gender, race, culture, ethnicity, religion and so on.
3. According to Oemar Seno Adji
Human rights are rights inherent in every human dignity as a human being from the creation of God Almighty whose nature must not be violated by anyone "other human beings / groups".
4. According to Prof. Koentjoro Poerbopranoto
Human rights are rights that are fundamental or fundamental, rights possessed by every human being based on their nature which basically cannot be separated so that it is sacred.
5. According to Law No. 39 of 1999
Human rights are a set of rights inherent in human beings as creatures of God Almighty, where those rights are gifts that must be protected and respected by every human in order to protect the dignity and dignity of every human being.
6. According to G.J Wolhos
Human rights are a number of rights that have been embedded and rooted in every human being in the world and these rights must not be eliminated, because eliminating other people's human rights is the same as eliminating the degree of humanity.
7. According to C. de Rover
Human rights are the same legal rights to every human being whether rich or poor, male or female. Even though their rights have been violated, their human rights cannot be denied. Human rights are laws that must be protected from national rules so that all are fulfilled so that human rights can be upheld, upheld and protected.
8. According to Leah Kevin
According to him the conception of human rights has two basic meanings, namely:
The first is that basic and inseparable rights belong to a person simply because he is a human being. Those rights are moral rights which come from their existence as human beings from every human being. The second of human rights is legal rights, both internationally and nationally.
9. According to Miriam Budiardjo
Miriam Budiardjo limits the understanding of human rights as rights that humans have acquired and brought along with their birth or presence in society.
10. According to (Kaelan: 2002)
Human rights are basic rights possessed by humans, in accordance with their nature
11. In the opinion of Jan Materson (from the UN human rights commission)
in Teaching Human Rights, the United Nations as quoted by Baharuddin Lopa emphasized that human rights are rights inherent in every human being, without which it is impossible for humans to live as humans.
12. According to Prof. Mr. Koentjoro Peorbapranoto
Human Rights: rights that are human in nature, meaning that rights possessed by humans are devoted to their nature and cannot be separated from their nature, so they are sacred.
13. According to Law No. 26 of 2000 concerning Human Rights Courts
Human Rights: a set of rights inherent in human nature and human existence as creatures created by God and is a gift that must be respected, upheld and protected by the state, law, government and everyone for the honor and protection of human dignity.
14. According to Wikipedia
Ham are the rights that a person has had since they were in the womb.
15. According to the KBBI
Ham is an internationally protected right "namely the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights" such as the right to life, the right to independence, the right to own, the right to express opinions.
Also Read Articles That May Be Associated: International Relations: Understanding, Purpose, Principles, And Patterns and Their Features in Complete
16. According to Muladi
Human Rights Are all basic rights or basic inherent in humans in their lives.
17. According to Haar Tilar
Human rights are rights inherent in every human being and without having these rights, every human being cannot live like a human. This right was obtained from birth into the world.
18. According to Austin-Ranney
Human rights are freedom spaces for every individual which are formulated in detail and clearly in the constitution and have been guaranteed by the government.
19. According to Karel Vasak
Human rights are classified from three generations inspired by three themes in the French Revolution, namely the first generation: "Liberte" Political and Civil Rights, the second generation, "Egalite" Social, Economic and Cultural Rights and the Third Generation, "Fraternite" Solidarity.
The three generations need to be understood as one, complementary and interrelated. Vasak uses the term "generation" to refer to the scope and substance of rights which are prioritized over a period of time.
20. According to Jack Donney
Human rights are rights possessed by humans solely because he is a human. Humanity has it not because it is given to it by society or refers to positive law, but it is based on the existence of dignity as a human being and that right is a gift from God.
21. According to Mahfudz M.D
Human rights are rights inherent in the dignity of every human being where those rights are brought from birth to the world so that the rights are inherently natural.
22. According to A.J.M Milne
Human rights is a right that has been owned by all human beings in the world, in all periods, and also in all places because the priority of its existence is as a human being.
23. According to SHAW
Human rights is that if the public discourse of the global community in a peaceful period can be said to have a common moral language, it is a human right. Despite this strong claim was made by the existence of human rights doctrine in order to continue to bring up attitude
debate and skepticism about the nature, content and justification of human rights to the present day. Indeed the question of what is meant by "rights" has controversy and is still a continuing philosophical debate.
24. According to John Locke
Human rights are rights directly given by God to humans as natural rights. Therefore there is no power in the world that can uproot it. Human rights are fundamental "fundamental" to human life and in essence are very sacred.
25. According to Peter R. Baehr
Human rights are absolute basic rights and must be owned by every human being for their development.
26. According to Franz Magnis Suseno
Human rights are rights that are already possessed by every human being and not because they are obtained from "other human" societies, not because of positive laws that apply, but for their dignity as a human being, humans have human rights because they are human beings.
27. According to Komnas HAM
Human rights cover all fields of human life whether political, economic, civil, social and cultural. The five cannot be separated from each other. Political and civil rights have no meaning if the people still have to struggle with suffering and poverty.
But on the other hand, the problem of poverty security and other reasons, can not be used consciously to violate human rights and political and social freedom of the community. Human rights do not
support individualism, but block it by protecting individuals, groups and groups, amidst the violence of modern life. Human rights are a sign of real solidarity of a nation with weak citizens.
28. According to Thomas Jefferson
Human Rights Are Human Freedom Not Given By The State. This Freedom Comes From God That Is Cling To The Existence Of Individual Humans.
29. According to Rhoda E. Howard
Human Rights or Human Rights as Egilater Tool to Give Membership to All Persons in a Collective Unity.
30. According to the MPR-RI Number XVII / MPR / 1998
Human rights are basic rights inherent in human beings that are natural, universal and eternal as a gift from God Almighty that serves to ensure the survival, independence, development of human beings and society that must not be contested and ignored by anyone.
The understanding according to several experts including:
1. According to Kevin Boyle and David Beetham
Human rights and fundamental freedoms are individual rights that stem from human needs and capacities.
2. According to Miriam Budiarjo
Human rights are rights possessed by every person who is brought from birth to the world, the rights are universal because they are owned without differences in gender, race, culture, ethnicity, religion and so on.
3. According to Oemar Seno Adji
Human rights are rights inherent in every human dignity as a human being from the creation of God Almighty whose nature must not be violated by anyone "other human beings / groups".
4. According to Prof. Koentjoro Poerbopranoto
Human rights are rights that are fundamental or fundamental, rights possessed by every human being based on their nature which basically cannot be separated so that it is sacred.
5. According to Law No. 39 of 1999
Human rights are a set of rights inherent in human beings as creatures of God Almighty, where those rights are gifts that must be protected and respected by every human in order to protect the dignity and dignity of every human being.
6. According to G.J Wolhos
Human rights are a number of rights that have been embedded and rooted in every human being in the world and these rights must not be eliminated, because eliminating other people's human rights is the same as eliminating the degree of humanity.
7. According to C. de Rover
Human rights are the same legal rights to every human being whether rich or poor, male or female. Even though their rights have been violated, their human rights cannot be denied. Human rights are laws that must be protected from national rules so that all are fulfilled so that human rights can be upheld, upheld and protected.
8. According to Leah Kevin
According to him the conception of human rights has two basic meanings, namely:
The first is that basic and inseparable rights belong to a person simply because he is a human being. Those rights are moral rights which come from their existence as human beings from every human being. The second of human rights is legal rights, both internationally and nationally.
9. According to Miriam Budiardjo
Miriam Budiardjo limits the understanding of human rights as rights that humans have acquired and brought along with their birth or presence in society.
10. According to (Kaelan: 2002)
Human rights are basic rights possessed by humans, in accordance with their nature
11. In the opinion of Jan Materson (from the UN human rights commission)
in Teaching Human Rights, the United Nations as quoted by Baharuddin Lopa emphasized that human rights are rights inherent in every human being, without which it is impossible for humans to live as humans.
12. According to Prof. Mr. Koentjoro Peorbapranoto
Human Rights: rights that are human in nature, meaning that rights possessed by humans are devoted to their nature and cannot be separated from their nature, so they are sacred.
13. According to Law No. 26 of 2000 concerning Human Rights Courts
Human Rights: a set of rights inherent in human nature and human existence as creatures created by God and is a gift that must be respected, upheld and protected by the state, law, government and everyone for the honor and protection of human dignity.
14. According to Wikipedia
Ham are the rights that a person has had since they were in the womb.
15. According to the KBBI
Ham is an internationally protected right "namely the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights" such as the right to life, the right to independence, the right to own, the right to express opinions.
Also Read Articles That May Be Associated: International Relations: Understanding, Purpose, Principles, And Patterns and Their Features in Complete
16. According to Muladi
Human Rights Are all basic rights or basic inherent in humans in their lives.
17. According to Haar Tilar
Human rights are rights inherent in every human being and without having these rights, every human being cannot live like a human. This right was obtained from birth into the world.
18. According to Austin-Ranney
Human rights are freedom spaces for every individual which are formulated in detail and clearly in the constitution and have been guaranteed by the government.
19. According to Karel Vasak
Human rights are classified from three generations inspired by three themes in the French Revolution, namely the first generation: "Liberte" Political and Civil Rights, the second generation, "Egalite" Social, Economic and Cultural Rights and the Third Generation, "Fraternite" Solidarity.
The three generations need to be understood as one, complementary and interrelated. Vasak uses the term "generation" to refer to the scope and substance of rights which are prioritized over a period of time.
20. According to Jack Donney
Human rights are rights possessed by humans solely because he is a human. Humanity has it not because it is given to it by society or refers to positive law, but it is based on the existence of dignity as a human being and that right is a gift from God.
21. According to Mahfudz M.D
Human rights are rights inherent in the dignity of every human being where those rights are brought from birth to the world so that the rights are inherently natural.
22. According to A.J.M Milne
Human rights is a right that has been owned by all human beings in the world, in all periods, and also in all places because the priority of its existence is as a human being.
23. According to SHAW
Human rights is that if the public discourse of the global community in a peaceful period can be said to have a common moral language, it is a human right. Despite this strong claim was made by the existence of human rights doctrine in order to continue to bring up attitude
debate and skepticism about the nature, content and justification of human rights to the present day. Indeed the question of what is meant by "rights" has controversy and is still a continuing philosophical debate.
24. According to John Locke
Human rights are rights directly given by God to humans as natural rights. Therefore there is no power in the world that can uproot it. Human rights are fundamental "fundamental" to human life and in essence are very sacred.
25. According to Peter R. Baehr
Human rights are absolute basic rights and must be owned by every human being for their development.
26. According to Franz Magnis Suseno
Human rights are rights that are already possessed by every human being and not because they are obtained from "other human" societies, not because of positive laws that apply, but for their dignity as a human being, humans have human rights because they are human beings.
27. According to Komnas HAM
Human rights cover all fields of human life whether political, economic, civil, social and cultural. The five cannot be separated from each other. Political and civil rights have no meaning if the people still have to struggle with suffering and poverty.
But on the other hand, the problem of poverty security and other reasons, can not be used consciously to violate human rights and political and social freedom of the community. Human rights do not
support individualism, but block it by protecting individuals, groups and groups, amidst the violence of modern life. Human rights are a sign of real solidarity of a nation with weak citizens.
28. According to Thomas Jefferson
Human Rights Are Human Freedom Not Given By The State. This Freedom Comes From God That Is Cling To The Existence Of Individual Humans.
29. According to Rhoda E. Howard
Human Rights or Human Rights as Egilater Tool to Give Membership to All Persons in a Collective Unity.
30. According to the MPR-RI Number XVII / MPR / 1998
Human rights are basic rights inherent in human beings that are natural, universal and eternal as a gift from God Almighty that serves to ensure the survival, independence, development of human beings and society that must not be contested and ignored by anyone.
Understanding the Principle of Legality in Law and Its Purpose
Understanding the Principle of Legality in Law and Its Purpose
Understanding the Principle of Legality
Understanding the Principle of Legality in Criminal Law and Its Purpose - The Principle of Legality is a Guarantee for a person's freedom with a limit of what activities are prohibited clearly and precisely. The principle also protects against abuse or abuse of authority about illegal acts and penalties.
So based on this principle, no act is permitted to violate the law by a judge if it has not been clearly stated by criminal law and as long as the act has not been committed.
Likewise the actions of someone who is capable cannot be said to be prohibited, before there is a ketentyan who committed the violation, and he has the freedom to do the act or leave it, so there is someone who violates it. In a sense, criminal law cannot apply backwards to acts that do not yet have rules, therefore the criminal law must go forward.
The principle of legality has a relationship with Von Feubach's theory
Initially the principle of legality has a relationship with Von Feubach's theory, which is called the Vom Psycologischen Zwang theory. It means that in determining the prohibited actions, not only in the actions listed, but also the type of penalty imposed.
The principle of legality applies in the realm of criminal law and is famous for the legendary adageum Von Feuerbach which reads nullum delictum nulla poena sine praevia lege poenali. Freely, the adage can be interpreted as "there is no criminal offense (offense), there is no penalty without (based on) the rules that preceded it". In general, Von Feuerbach divides the adage into three parts, namely:
This principle also applies in the realm of criminal law and is well known for the legendary adage Von Feuerbach which reads nullum delictum nulla poena sine praevia lege poenali. Freely, adage can be interpreted as "there is no crime (seconds), there is no penalty without (based on) the preceding rules". In general, Von Feuerbach divides the adagium into three parts, namely:
There is no penalty, if there is no law
There is no punishment, if there is no crime
There is no crime, if there is no penalty, which is based on the Act
Adagium is the basis of the principle that criminal provisions cannot be retroactive (non-retroactive hope) because an offense can be considered a crime if there are previous rules that violate the seconds to do, not after the offense has been committed.
The Purpose of the Principle of Legality
The purpose of the legality principle is to strengthen legal certainty, as well as to create justice and honesty for the accused, to make the detention function effective in criminal prosecutions, prevent abuse of power, and to strengthen the rule of law.
The principle is indeed very effective in protecting the people from the arbitrary treatment of someone in power, but it is considered less effective for law enforcement in responding to the rapid development of crime, and is considered by some experts to be a fundamental weakness.
Definition of Human Rights
In the state agreement theory, there are Pactum Unionis and Pactum Subjectionis. Pactum unionis is an agreement between individuals to form a state, while pactum subjectionis is an agreement between individuals and the state formed. Thomas Hobbes recognizes Pactum Subjectionis and does not recognize Pactum Unionis. John Lock recognizes both Pactum Unionis and Pactum Subjectionis, while JJ Roessaeu only recognizes Pactum Unionis.
All three understand this. But basically the treaty theory mandates the existence of a protection of the rights of citizens which must be guaranteed by the authorities and the form of the guarantee must be contained in the constitution.
In relation to this matter, human rights are fundamental rights that cannot be revoked because he is a human being. The referred human rights are now a set of rights developed by the United Nations since the end of World War II. As a consequence, states cannot circumvent the protection of the human rights of non-citizens.
Understanding the Principle of Legality
Understanding the Principle of Legality in Criminal Law and Its Purpose - The Principle of Legality is a Guarantee for a person's freedom with a limit of what activities are prohibited clearly and precisely. The principle also protects against abuse or abuse of authority about illegal acts and penalties.
So based on this principle, no act is permitted to violate the law by a judge if it has not been clearly stated by criminal law and as long as the act has not been committed.
Likewise the actions of someone who is capable cannot be said to be prohibited, before there is a ketentyan who committed the violation, and he has the freedom to do the act or leave it, so there is someone who violates it. In a sense, criminal law cannot apply backwards to acts that do not yet have rules, therefore the criminal law must go forward.
The principle of legality has a relationship with Von Feubach's theory
Initially the principle of legality has a relationship with Von Feubach's theory, which is called the Vom Psycologischen Zwang theory. It means that in determining the prohibited actions, not only in the actions listed, but also the type of penalty imposed.
The principle of legality applies in the realm of criminal law and is famous for the legendary adageum Von Feuerbach which reads nullum delictum nulla poena sine praevia lege poenali. Freely, the adage can be interpreted as "there is no criminal offense (offense), there is no penalty without (based on) the rules that preceded it". In general, Von Feuerbach divides the adage into three parts, namely:
This principle also applies in the realm of criminal law and is well known for the legendary adage Von Feuerbach which reads nullum delictum nulla poena sine praevia lege poenali. Freely, adage can be interpreted as "there is no crime (seconds), there is no penalty without (based on) the preceding rules". In general, Von Feuerbach divides the adagium into three parts, namely:
There is no penalty, if there is no law
There is no punishment, if there is no crime
There is no crime, if there is no penalty, which is based on the Act
Adagium is the basis of the principle that criminal provisions cannot be retroactive (non-retroactive hope) because an offense can be considered a crime if there are previous rules that violate the seconds to do, not after the offense has been committed.
The Purpose of the Principle of Legality
The purpose of the legality principle is to strengthen legal certainty, as well as to create justice and honesty for the accused, to make the detention function effective in criminal prosecutions, prevent abuse of power, and to strengthen the rule of law.
The principle is indeed very effective in protecting the people from the arbitrary treatment of someone in power, but it is considered less effective for law enforcement in responding to the rapid development of crime, and is considered by some experts to be a fundamental weakness.
Definition of Human Rights
In the state agreement theory, there are Pactum Unionis and Pactum Subjectionis. Pactum unionis is an agreement between individuals to form a state, while pactum subjectionis is an agreement between individuals and the state formed. Thomas Hobbes recognizes Pactum Subjectionis and does not recognize Pactum Unionis. John Lock recognizes both Pactum Unionis and Pactum Subjectionis, while JJ Roessaeu only recognizes Pactum Unionis.
All three understand this. But basically the treaty theory mandates the existence of a protection of the rights of citizens which must be guaranteed by the authorities and the form of the guarantee must be contained in the constitution.
In relation to this matter, human rights are fundamental rights that cannot be revoked because he is a human being. The referred human rights are now a set of rights developed by the United Nations since the end of World War II. As a consequence, states cannot circumvent the protection of the human rights of non-citizens.
How to be Published in International Journals?
How to be published in international journals
How to be published in international journals
Journal editors share their suggestions on how to organize a journal, write a cover letter - and handle awkward feedback from reviewers
Writing for international journals is very competitive. Even if you overcome the first obstacle and come up with a valuable idea or research work - how do you then summarize it in a way that will appeal to reviewers?
There is no simple formula to publish - the expectations of editors can vary between and within the field of study. But there are some challenges that all academic writers will face regardless of their discipline. How should you respond to reviewers' feedback? Is there a correct way to arrange paper? And should you always bother to revise and submit again? We ask journal editors from various backgrounds for their tips to be published.
Writing phase
1) Focus on stories that develop logically, not chronologically
Take time before you even write your journal to think about the logic of the presentation. When writing, focus on the story that develops logically, rather than the chronological order of the experiments that you conduct.
2) Don't try to write and edit simultaneously
Open the file on a PC and enter all of your posts and sub-posts and then fill in one of the posts where you have the idea to do it. If you reach your daily target (mine 500 words) write down other ideas as bullet points and stop writing; then use the points to start the next day.
If you write and can't think of the right words (for example for an elephant) don't worry - write (big long nose of an animal) and continue - come back later and get the correct terms. Write not edited; if not, you lose flow.
3) Don't bury your argument like a needle in a haystack
If someone asks you on a bus to explain your journal quickly, can you do it in clear, everyday language? This clear argument will appear in the abstract and the first paragraph (even the first line) of your journal. Don't make us chase down your argument like a needle in a haystack. If hidden on page seven it will only upset us. Oh, and make sure your argument goes along different parts of this journal and brings together theories and empirical material.
4) Ask a colleague to check your work
One of the problems faced by journal editors is poorly written journals. Maybe the first language of the writer is not English and they have not tried hard to proofread it. It might be very difficult to know what is happening in an article if the language and syntax are bad.
5) Published by writing a review or response
Writing a review is a good way to be published - especially for people who are in the early stages of their careers. This is an opportunity to practice writing a work for publication, and get a copy of the book you want for free. We publish more reviews than journals so we continue to look for reviewers (Laraphgirl Journal, 2017)
Several journals, including ours, publish replies to journals that have been published in the same journal. Editors quite like to publish replies to previous journals because it stimulates discussion.
6) Don't forget about international readers
We get people who write from America who think everyone knows the American system - and the same thing happens with British writers. Because we are an international journal, we need writers to enter that international context. You can read more about it at ZAMBRUT.Com.
7) Don't try to cram your PhD into 6,000 words
Sometimes people want to throw everything away at once and achieve many goals. We got people trying to tell us all their PhDs in 6,000 words and it didn't work. More experienced writers will write two or three journals from one project, using certain aspects of their research as a hook.
8) Choose the right journal: that's a bad sign if you don't recognize any editorial boards
Check whether your article is within the scope of the journal you are submitting. This seems very clear but it is surprising how many articles are sent to journals that are totally inappropriate. This is a bad sign if you don't recognize the names of the editorial board members. Ideally, look at a number of current issues to ensure that the article is published on the same topic and has a similar quality and impact.
9) Always follow the correct shipping procedure
Often writers don't spend the 10 minutes needed to read instructions to writers who spend a lot of time on writers and editors and extend the process when there's no need
10) Don't repeat your abstract in the cover letter.
We look to your cover letter for an indication of what you find most interesting and significant about the journal, and why you think it is suitable for the journal. There is no need to repeat the abstract or read the contents of the journal in detail - we will read the journal itself to find out what it says. The cover letter is the place for larger picture outlines, plus any other information you would like us to have.
11) A common reason for rejection is lack of context
Make sure that it is clear where your research is in a broader scientific landscape, and gaps in knowledge are handled. A common reason for articles to be rejected after peer review is lack of context or lack of clarity about why this research is important.
12) Don't mention your methodology too much
Ethnography seems to be a trendy method nowadays, so many articles submitted claim based on that. However, a closer examination revealed very limited and standard interview data. Some interviews in cafes are not ethnographic. Be clear - right from the start - about the nature and scope of your data collection. The same applies to the use of theory. If theoretical insights are useful for your analysis, use them consistently throughout your argument and text.
13) Respond directly (and calmly) to reviewer comments
When resubmitting the journal after a revision, include a detailed document that summarizes all the changes suggested by reviewers, and how you have changed your paper from that perspective. Stick to the facts, and don't shout. Don't respond to reviewers' feedback as soon as you get it. Read it, think about a few days, discuss with others, and then make a response.
14) Revise and submit your paper journal again: don't give up after going through all the main obstacles
You will be surprised how many writers who receive standard "revision and resend" letters never actually do it. But it's worth doing - some writers who are asked to make major revisions endure and eventually publish their work, but others, who have far less to do, never submit again. It seems ridiculous to get past the main hurdles in writing articles, bypassing the editor and returning from peer review only to later give up.
15) It is acceptable to challenge reviewers, with good justification
It is acceptable to reject reviewers' suggestions for changing the components of your article if you have good justification, or can (politely) refute why reviewers are wrong. Rational explanations will be accepted by the editor, especially if it is clear that you have considered all feedback received and received a portion of it.
16) Think about how quickly you want to see your journal published
Some journals rank higher than others so your risk of rejection will be greater. People need to think about whether they need to see their work published quickly - because certain journals will take longer. Some journals, like ours, also access in advance so that after the article is received it appears on the journal's website. This is important if you are preparing for a job interview and need to show that you can be published.
17) Remember: when you read a published journal you only see articles that are finished
Publishing in top journals is a challenge for everyone, but it may seem easier for others. When you read a published journal, you see the finished article, not the first draft, or the first revision and resubmission, or the intermediary version - and you never see the failure.
How to be published in international journals
Journal editors share their suggestions on how to organize a journal, write a cover letter - and handle awkward feedback from reviewers
Writing for international journals is very competitive. Even if you overcome the first obstacle and come up with a valuable idea or research work - how do you then summarize it in a way that will appeal to reviewers?
There is no simple formula to publish - the expectations of editors can vary between and within the field of study. But there are some challenges that all academic writers will face regardless of their discipline. How should you respond to reviewers' feedback? Is there a correct way to arrange paper? And should you always bother to revise and submit again? We ask journal editors from various backgrounds for their tips to be published.
Writing phase
1) Focus on stories that develop logically, not chronologically
Take time before you even write your journal to think about the logic of the presentation. When writing, focus on the story that develops logically, rather than the chronological order of the experiments that you conduct.
2) Don't try to write and edit simultaneously
Open the file on a PC and enter all of your posts and sub-posts and then fill in one of the posts where you have the idea to do it. If you reach your daily target (mine 500 words) write down other ideas as bullet points and stop writing; then use the points to start the next day.
If you write and can't think of the right words (for example for an elephant) don't worry - write (big long nose of an animal) and continue - come back later and get the correct terms. Write not edited; if not, you lose flow.
3) Don't bury your argument like a needle in a haystack
If someone asks you on a bus to explain your journal quickly, can you do it in clear, everyday language? This clear argument will appear in the abstract and the first paragraph (even the first line) of your journal. Don't make us chase down your argument like a needle in a haystack. If hidden on page seven it will only upset us. Oh, and make sure your argument goes along different parts of this journal and brings together theories and empirical material.
4) Ask a colleague to check your work
One of the problems faced by journal editors is poorly written journals. Maybe the first language of the writer is not English and they have not tried hard to proofread it. It might be very difficult to know what is happening in an article if the language and syntax are bad.
5) Published by writing a review or response
Writing a review is a good way to be published - especially for people who are in the early stages of their careers. This is an opportunity to practice writing a work for publication, and get a copy of the book you want for free. We publish more reviews than journals so we continue to look for reviewers (Laraphgirl Journal, 2017)
Several journals, including ours, publish replies to journals that have been published in the same journal. Editors quite like to publish replies to previous journals because it stimulates discussion.
6) Don't forget about international readers
We get people who write from America who think everyone knows the American system - and the same thing happens with British writers. Because we are an international journal, we need writers to enter that international context. You can read more about it at ZAMBRUT.Com.
7) Don't try to cram your PhD into 6,000 words
Sometimes people want to throw everything away at once and achieve many goals. We got people trying to tell us all their PhDs in 6,000 words and it didn't work. More experienced writers will write two or three journals from one project, using certain aspects of their research as a hook.
8) Choose the right journal: that's a bad sign if you don't recognize any editorial boards
Check whether your article is within the scope of the journal you are submitting. This seems very clear but it is surprising how many articles are sent to journals that are totally inappropriate. This is a bad sign if you don't recognize the names of the editorial board members. Ideally, look at a number of current issues to ensure that the article is published on the same topic and has a similar quality and impact.
9) Always follow the correct shipping procedure
Often writers don't spend the 10 minutes needed to read instructions to writers who spend a lot of time on writers and editors and extend the process when there's no need
10) Don't repeat your abstract in the cover letter.
We look to your cover letter for an indication of what you find most interesting and significant about the journal, and why you think it is suitable for the journal. There is no need to repeat the abstract or read the contents of the journal in detail - we will read the journal itself to find out what it says. The cover letter is the place for larger picture outlines, plus any other information you would like us to have.
11) A common reason for rejection is lack of context
Make sure that it is clear where your research is in a broader scientific landscape, and gaps in knowledge are handled. A common reason for articles to be rejected after peer review is lack of context or lack of clarity about why this research is important.
12) Don't mention your methodology too much
Ethnography seems to be a trendy method nowadays, so many articles submitted claim based on that. However, a closer examination revealed very limited and standard interview data. Some interviews in cafes are not ethnographic. Be clear - right from the start - about the nature and scope of your data collection. The same applies to the use of theory. If theoretical insights are useful for your analysis, use them consistently throughout your argument and text.
13) Respond directly (and calmly) to reviewer comments
When resubmitting the journal after a revision, include a detailed document that summarizes all the changes suggested by reviewers, and how you have changed your paper from that perspective. Stick to the facts, and don't shout. Don't respond to reviewers' feedback as soon as you get it. Read it, think about a few days, discuss with others, and then make a response.
14) Revise and submit your paper journal again: don't give up after going through all the main obstacles
You will be surprised how many writers who receive standard "revision and resend" letters never actually do it. But it's worth doing - some writers who are asked to make major revisions endure and eventually publish their work, but others, who have far less to do, never submit again. It seems ridiculous to get past the main hurdles in writing articles, bypassing the editor and returning from peer review only to later give up.
15) It is acceptable to challenge reviewers, with good justification
It is acceptable to reject reviewers' suggestions for changing the components of your article if you have good justification, or can (politely) refute why reviewers are wrong. Rational explanations will be accepted by the editor, especially if it is clear that you have considered all feedback received and received a portion of it.
16) Think about how quickly you want to see your journal published
Some journals rank higher than others so your risk of rejection will be greater. People need to think about whether they need to see their work published quickly - because certain journals will take longer. Some journals, like ours, also access in advance so that after the article is received it appears on the journal's website. This is important if you are preparing for a job interview and need to show that you can be published.
17) Remember: when you read a published journal you only see articles that are finished
Publishing in top journals is a challenge for everyone, but it may seem easier for others. When you read a published journal, you see the finished article, not the first draft, or the first revision and resubmission, or the intermediary version - and you never see the failure.
How to Submit Your Journal Articles?
How to submit your journal articles
How to submit your journal articles
Please send all new articles via the 'Submit article' link to the relevant journal. If you are a new writer, you need to set up an account before submitting your first article. Before submitting your article, please read 'What we are looking for in your article'.
Please ensure that you enter all the necessary information about your article. You will first be asked to choose the type of article for your paper, to enter a title and abstract, and then to choose a few keywords. Please note that, if your article is accepted for publication, we will display this keyword in the published article.
You will then be asked to enter your author information. Please include all authors (if there are less than 10). We recommend that you use the author's full name and ORCID identifier to avoid ambiguity. Note that you can check whether co-authors are already in the journal database by entering the author's email address.
You can also propose references that are liked (and not liked) when submitted. Suggested referees must have appropriate subject expertise and do not have conflicts of interest (please see the ZAMBRUT Journal ethics policy for journals for more information on conflicts of interest). These suggestions will be considered, but the editorial staff and / or Editorial Board will make the final decision regarding the selection of referees.
Any related information that can affect the way paper is handled can be provided in a cover letter. This might include highlighting something very important or important about their research, and information about an earlier version of this paper that is sent to the current journal or to another journal.
You will be asked to provide information about all funders related to your work. It's important that you enter this information because it helps you to meet the requirements of your funders and makes your research easier to find. Please find the Open Funder Registry for your funding agency, and provide the grant number.
You are then required to choose between issuance under a gold open access license or on a subscription basis, to state whether you have reproduced previously published material or not in your shipment, and to confirm that you want the paper you received available. online in 24 hours after receipt.
Finally, before submitting your journal article, you are required to confirm that you have read and understood the IOP ethics policy for the journal, and that your submission complies with the terms.
File upload: to make sending as easy as possible for you, when submitting new articles, we only ask you to upload one PDF file (and any additional relevant data) for your article. The PDF must contain your complete paper, including embedded images and tables. You can upload your article directly from arXiv by entering the arXiv e-print number. Please also submit any permissions that you have obtained at this stage.
If you experience problems submitting your article online, please contact the journal for assistance.
Please note, ZAMBRUT journal does not charge you to submit articles. If there are publication costs to be paid (for open access, color printing, or page fees), this will be explained to you at the time of delivery, and paid at the time of receipt for publication. \
The files that you need to send during the initial shipment are:
1PDF of the complete paper for review (designated 'Complete Document for Review (PDF Only)'), containing the author's name and institution, as well as pictures and tables embedded in the text. Authors are asked to consider the need for clarity and readability when choosing column types, line spacing, font size, and layout when preparing a PDF, to help reviewers.2 All permissions that you have obtained at this stage.3 Complementary data matches (see below for details about the appropriate file).
We encourage you to submit additional data files with your paper. If you send a video file, most standard file formats are suitable: animated GIF, AVI, MPG, etc. However, we strongly recommend that the video file be sent in an MPEG-4 container, which is coded with H264 codec. Other formats are permitted, but using MPEG-4 will give you the most faithful rendering of your videos in HTML journal articles.
Video files must be up to 10MB each. Exceptions can be made in cases where larger files are very important for the science presented.
Zambrut Publishing considers publishing in our journal articles that:
1 Report original knowledge and add significantly to published research
2 Appeals to the community
3 Scientific accuracy
4 Have strong motivation and goals
5 Has never been published before in peer-reviewed literature
6 Not being considered for publication in a journal or other peer review book available through the library or by purchase
7 Comply with our precast pre-publication policies (see below), and8 Comply with our ethical policies.
It's important for you to consider whether you have enough new results before you start planning and writing a journal to submit to Zambrut journals. Reporting additional steps forward from previous work is usually not enough.
Articles based on a thesis for an advanced degree can be submitted. You must take care to ensure that the article is prepared in a research journal format, which is more concise than is appropriate for the thesis.
Articles that report on work that was originally presented at a conference can be submitted, provided these articles do not appear substantially in the same form in the conference process that is reviewed by peers. Again, you must make sure the research journal format is used. The length of the article must also be in accordance with the content. If in doubt, please ask the relevant journal.
Reports that are not available to the general public are not considered by ZAMBRUT as prior publications. Many journals published by ZAMBRUT consider various types of articles in addition to regular research journals, including special edition articles, topical reviews, comments and replies. However, please check through the journal homepage that your article is an acceptable type of article and appropriate scope before submission.
All articles are judged only on their scientific ability. Consideration without consideration is given to all manuscripts offered for publication, regardless of whether the author requests publication based on open gold access and regardless of race, gender, religious beliefs, ethnic origin, citizenship, political philosophy, sexual orientation, age or author's reputation.
We treat all articles sent as confidential until they are published and will only be shared with referees, board members, editors, and ZAMBRUT staff who are directly involved in the peer review of the article. (An exception to this is if it is necessary to share articles with additional external parties to investigate possible violations of ethical policies.)
You should consider the best way to structure your article before you start writing. If you want to use the LaTeX template to format your paper (this is optional, you don't have to do it) then the files are available in zip format and Unz tar format is gzipped here. Your article must follow the Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion system, and usually consists of the following sections:
Title
The title must be concise, informative, and meaningful for all journal readers. It should include key terms, to help make it easier to find when people search online. Please avoid using long systemic names and abbreviations, acronyms, or symbols that are not standard or unclear.
Author
List of all names and complete institutions of the author. Authors in all ZAMBRUT journals have the option to enter names in Chinese, Japanese or Korean characters in addition to English names. The name will appear in parentheses after the English name. We recommend that you provide an ORCID identifier for all authors to avoid ambiguity. If the author's current address is different from the address where the work was done, this must be explained in the footnotes. Note: this only applies if you submit to a one-blind review journal. If you are sending to a double-blind journal, please do not include the identifying information of the author in your paper.
Keywords
When you submit an article, you will be asked to provide several keywords that are relevant to your work. If your article is accepted for publication, we will display these keywords in published articles, and they will be used to index your articles, helping to make them easier to find. When choosing keywords, think about the types of terms you will use when searching for related articles online.
Abstract
Your abstract should give the reader a brief summary of your article. It should briefly describe the contents of your article, and include key terms (especially in the first two sentences, to improve search engine finding). It must be informative, accessible and not only show the general purpose and scope of the article, but also state the methodology used, the main results obtained and conclusions drawn. The abstract must be complete in itself; It cannot contain unspecified acronyms / abbreviations and no table numbers, image numbers, references or equations that must be referenced. This must be appropriate to be included directly in the abstract service and usually should not be more than 300 words. Some journals ask for abstracts to follow certain structures. Check the instructions for the particular journal to see if you need to submit a structured abstract.
introduction
It should be brief and describe the nature of the problem being investigated and its background. It must also organize your work in the context of previous research, citing relevant references. Introductions should be extended with very specific terms and abbreviations used in the article to make it accessible to readers.
Method
This section must provide sufficient detail from experiments, simulations, statistical tests or analyzes conducted to produce results such that the method can be repeated by other researchers and the results reproduced.
Results
The results section should detail your main findings and research findings. You should use tables only to increase brevity or when information cannot be satisfactorily provided in other ways such as histograms or graphs. Tables must be numbered and referred to in the text with numbers (table 1, etc.). Each table must have an explanation title that must be as level as possible.
Discussion
It should discuss the importance of the results and compare them with previous work using relevant references.
Conclusion
This section should be used to highlight the novelty and significance of the work, and any plans for relevant work in the future.
Thank-you note
All authors and co-authors are required to disclose any potential conflicts of interest when submitting articles (eg work, consulting fees, research contracts, share ownership, patent licenses, honorariums, advisory affiliations, etc.). This information must be included in the thank-you section at the end of the paper (before the reference section). All sources of financial support for the project must also be disclosed in the thank-you section. The name of the funding agency and grant number must be given, for example: This work is partly funded by Universitas Negeri Indonesia. When filling out the online submission form, we also ask you to select a funder and provide a grant number to help you meet the requirements of your funder.
How to submit your journal articles
Please send all new articles via the 'Submit article' link to the relevant journal. If you are a new writer, you need to set up an account before submitting your first article. Before submitting your article, please read 'What we are looking for in your article'.
Please ensure that you enter all the necessary information about your article. You will first be asked to choose the type of article for your paper, to enter a title and abstract, and then to choose a few keywords. Please note that, if your article is accepted for publication, we will display this keyword in the published article.
You will then be asked to enter your author information. Please include all authors (if there are less than 10). We recommend that you use the author's full name and ORCID identifier to avoid ambiguity. Note that you can check whether co-authors are already in the journal database by entering the author's email address.
You can also propose references that are liked (and not liked) when submitted. Suggested referees must have appropriate subject expertise and do not have conflicts of interest (please see the ZAMBRUT Journal ethics policy for journals for more information on conflicts of interest). These suggestions will be considered, but the editorial staff and / or Editorial Board will make the final decision regarding the selection of referees.
Any related information that can affect the way paper is handled can be provided in a cover letter. This might include highlighting something very important or important about their research, and information about an earlier version of this paper that is sent to the current journal or to another journal.
You will be asked to provide information about all funders related to your work. It's important that you enter this information because it helps you to meet the requirements of your funders and makes your research easier to find. Please find the Open Funder Registry for your funding agency, and provide the grant number.
You are then required to choose between issuance under a gold open access license or on a subscription basis, to state whether you have reproduced previously published material or not in your shipment, and to confirm that you want the paper you received available. online in 24 hours after receipt.
Finally, before submitting your journal article, you are required to confirm that you have read and understood the IOP ethics policy for the journal, and that your submission complies with the terms.
File upload: to make sending as easy as possible for you, when submitting new articles, we only ask you to upload one PDF file (and any additional relevant data) for your article. The PDF must contain your complete paper, including embedded images and tables. You can upload your article directly from arXiv by entering the arXiv e-print number. Please also submit any permissions that you have obtained at this stage.
If you experience problems submitting your article online, please contact the journal for assistance.
Please note, ZAMBRUT journal does not charge you to submit articles. If there are publication costs to be paid (for open access, color printing, or page fees), this will be explained to you at the time of delivery, and paid at the time of receipt for publication. \
The files that you need to send during the initial shipment are:
1PDF of the complete paper for review (designated 'Complete Document for Review (PDF Only)'), containing the author's name and institution, as well as pictures and tables embedded in the text. Authors are asked to consider the need for clarity and readability when choosing column types, line spacing, font size, and layout when preparing a PDF, to help reviewers.2 All permissions that you have obtained at this stage.3 Complementary data matches (see below for details about the appropriate file).
We encourage you to submit additional data files with your paper. If you send a video file, most standard file formats are suitable: animated GIF, AVI, MPG, etc. However, we strongly recommend that the video file be sent in an MPEG-4 container, which is coded with H264 codec. Other formats are permitted, but using MPEG-4 will give you the most faithful rendering of your videos in HTML journal articles.
Video files must be up to 10MB each. Exceptions can be made in cases where larger files are very important for the science presented.
Zambrut Publishing considers publishing in our journal articles that:
1 Report original knowledge and add significantly to published research
2 Appeals to the community
3 Scientific accuracy
4 Have strong motivation and goals
5 Has never been published before in peer-reviewed literature
6 Not being considered for publication in a journal or other peer review book available through the library or by purchase
7 Comply with our precast pre-publication policies (see below), and8 Comply with our ethical policies.
It's important for you to consider whether you have enough new results before you start planning and writing a journal to submit to Zambrut journals. Reporting additional steps forward from previous work is usually not enough.
Articles based on a thesis for an advanced degree can be submitted. You must take care to ensure that the article is prepared in a research journal format, which is more concise than is appropriate for the thesis.
Articles that report on work that was originally presented at a conference can be submitted, provided these articles do not appear substantially in the same form in the conference process that is reviewed by peers. Again, you must make sure the research journal format is used. The length of the article must also be in accordance with the content. If in doubt, please ask the relevant journal.
Reports that are not available to the general public are not considered by ZAMBRUT as prior publications. Many journals published by ZAMBRUT consider various types of articles in addition to regular research journals, including special edition articles, topical reviews, comments and replies. However, please check through the journal homepage that your article is an acceptable type of article and appropriate scope before submission.
All articles are judged only on their scientific ability. Consideration without consideration is given to all manuscripts offered for publication, regardless of whether the author requests publication based on open gold access and regardless of race, gender, religious beliefs, ethnic origin, citizenship, political philosophy, sexual orientation, age or author's reputation.
We treat all articles sent as confidential until they are published and will only be shared with referees, board members, editors, and ZAMBRUT staff who are directly involved in the peer review of the article. (An exception to this is if it is necessary to share articles with additional external parties to investigate possible violations of ethical policies.)
You should consider the best way to structure your article before you start writing. If you want to use the LaTeX template to format your paper (this is optional, you don't have to do it) then the files are available in zip format and Unz tar format is gzipped here. Your article must follow the Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion system, and usually consists of the following sections:
Title
The title must be concise, informative, and meaningful for all journal readers. It should include key terms, to help make it easier to find when people search online. Please avoid using long systemic names and abbreviations, acronyms, or symbols that are not standard or unclear.
Author
List of all names and complete institutions of the author. Authors in all ZAMBRUT journals have the option to enter names in Chinese, Japanese or Korean characters in addition to English names. The name will appear in parentheses after the English name. We recommend that you provide an ORCID identifier for all authors to avoid ambiguity. If the author's current address is different from the address where the work was done, this must be explained in the footnotes. Note: this only applies if you submit to a one-blind review journal. If you are sending to a double-blind journal, please do not include the identifying information of the author in your paper.
Keywords
When you submit an article, you will be asked to provide several keywords that are relevant to your work. If your article is accepted for publication, we will display these keywords in published articles, and they will be used to index your articles, helping to make them easier to find. When choosing keywords, think about the types of terms you will use when searching for related articles online.
Abstract
Your abstract should give the reader a brief summary of your article. It should briefly describe the contents of your article, and include key terms (especially in the first two sentences, to improve search engine finding). It must be informative, accessible and not only show the general purpose and scope of the article, but also state the methodology used, the main results obtained and conclusions drawn. The abstract must be complete in itself; It cannot contain unspecified acronyms / abbreviations and no table numbers, image numbers, references or equations that must be referenced. This must be appropriate to be included directly in the abstract service and usually should not be more than 300 words. Some journals ask for abstracts to follow certain structures. Check the instructions for the particular journal to see if you need to submit a structured abstract.
introduction
It should be brief and describe the nature of the problem being investigated and its background. It must also organize your work in the context of previous research, citing relevant references. Introductions should be extended with very specific terms and abbreviations used in the article to make it accessible to readers.
Method
This section must provide sufficient detail from experiments, simulations, statistical tests or analyzes conducted to produce results such that the method can be repeated by other researchers and the results reproduced.
Results
The results section should detail your main findings and research findings. You should use tables only to increase brevity or when information cannot be satisfactorily provided in other ways such as histograms or graphs. Tables must be numbered and referred to in the text with numbers (table 1, etc.). Each table must have an explanation title that must be as level as possible.
Discussion
It should discuss the importance of the results and compare them with previous work using relevant references.
Conclusion
This section should be used to highlight the novelty and significance of the work, and any plans for relevant work in the future.
Thank-you note
All authors and co-authors are required to disclose any potential conflicts of interest when submitting articles (eg work, consulting fees, research contracts, share ownership, patent licenses, honorariums, advisory affiliations, etc.). This information must be included in the thank-you section at the end of the paper (before the reference section). All sources of financial support for the project must also be disclosed in the thank-you section. The name of the funding agency and grant number must be given, for example: This work is partly funded by Universitas Negeri Indonesia. When filling out the online submission form, we also ask you to select a funder and provide a grant number to help you meet the requirements of your funder.
How to Publish a Research Journal?
How to Publish a Research Journal?
How to Publish a Research Journal
Publishing research journals in peer-reviewed journals is an important activity in the academic community. This allows you to network with other scholars, put your name and work into circulation, and further refine your ideas and research. Publishing isn't easy, but you can increase your chances by submitting research that is technically good and creative but straightforward. It is also important to find an academic journal that is suitable for your topic and writing style, so that you can adapt your research journal to it and increase your chances for wider publication and recognition.
Submit International Journals Papers (and Resend) Your Paper
Ask a colleague or professor to review your research journal. They must edit your paper for grammar, spelling mistakes, typos, clarity, and conciseness. They must also verify your content. Research journals need to present significant and relevant problems. They must be clearly written, easy to follow, and appropriate for the intended audience. [1]
Ask two or three people to review your journal. At least one person must be a non-expert on the main topic - their "outsider's perspective" can be very valuable, because not all reviewers will become experts in your specific topic.
Revise your journal based on the recommendations of your reviewers. Chances are you will go through several concepts before the final submission of your research journal. Give special effort to make your paper clear, attractive, and easy to follow. This will greatly increase your chances of being published. [2]
Prepare your paper according to the journal requirements you choose. Format your research journal so that it follows the guidelines for that publication. Most journals provide a document called "Instructions to Authors" or "Journal Writing Guides" that offer specific instructions on layout, typeface, and length. This guide will also tell you how to submit your journal and will provide details of the review process. [3]
Journal articles in science often follow certain organizational formats, such as: Abstract; Introduction; Method; Results; Discussion; Conclusion; Acknowledgments / References. People in the arts and humanities are usually less organized.
Submit your article when you feel ready. Open the Author's Guide (or something similar) on the journal's website to review the submission requirements. Once you are satisfied that your paper meets all of the guidelines, send the paper through the appropriate channels. Some journals allow online submission, while others prefer printed copies. [4]
Submit your article to only one journal at a time. Go down your list, one at a time, as needed.
When submitting online, use your university email account. This connects you to scientific institutions, which add credibility to your work.
Don't panic when you get an initial journal response. Very few article submissions have received "Receive" direct from peer-reviewed journals. If you get one of them, go celebrate! If not, calmly deal with the reply you get. This may be one of the following: [5]
Accept with Revisions - only minor adjustments are needed, based on feedback provided by reviewers.
Revision and Resubmission - more substantial changes (as described) are needed before publication can be considered, but the journal is still very interested in your work.
Decline and Resubmit - this article is currently not worth considering, but major changes and refocusing might change this result.
Decline - this journal does not and will not be suitable for this publication, but that does not mean it might not work for other journals.
Embrace reviewer comments as constructive criticism. Quite often, you will be asked to revise your journal and resubmit it, based on comments provided by several (often three) anonymous reviewers and editors. Study their criticisms carefully and make the necessary changes.
Don't be too attached to your original shipment. Instead, remain flexible and reload the paper according to the feedback you receive. Use your expertise as a researcher and writer to create a superior journal.
However, you don't need to "roll over" and gently follow the comments of reviewers who you think are off target. Open a dialogue with the editor and explain your position, respectfully but confidently. Remember, you are an expert in this particular topic! [6]
Keep trying to publish your journal. Even if you are ultimately rejected by the journal of your choice, continue to rewrite your research journal and submit it to other publications. [7]
Remember, rejected paper is not always the same as bad paper. Many factors, many of which are completely out of your control, go into determining which articles are accepted.
Move to your second choice journal for submission. You can even ask for guidance on finding better matches from the first journal editor.
Choosing the Right Journal to Receive
Familiarize yourself with potential publications. Be aware of published research and current questions and studies in your field. Pay special attention to how other research journals in your field are written: format, type of article (quantitative versus qualitative studies, primary research, existing journal reviews), writing style, subject matter, and vocabulary. [8]
Read international journals related to your field of study.
Search online for published research journals, conference journals, and journal articles.
Ask a colleague or professor for a list of suggested readings.
Choose the publication that best fits your research journal. Each publication has its own audience and writing tone. Determine, for example, whether your research journal would be more suitable in a highly technical journal and is only intended for other scholars, or a journal that is more general for a wider audience. [9]
"Fit" is very important here - the most famous journal in your field may not be the most suitable for your specific job. However, at the same time, don't sell yourself assuming your paper will never be good enough for the top shelf publication.
Remember circulation or journal exposure in mind. After narrowing down the list of potential submission sites, do a little digging to find out how many articles were read and quoted in these journals. A greater exposure to your work will be a definite benefit, especially when you try to make a name for yourself early in your career. [10]
However, always prioritize journals reviewed by peers - where field scholars review works submitted anonymously. This is the basic standard for scientific publishing.
You can increase your readership dramatically by publishing open access journals. As such, this will be freely available as part of an online peer-reviewed scientific journal repository. [11]
Strengthen Your Submission
Give your paper a clear vision. A good journal article usually gets to the point and stays along the way. Determine what your paper actually explored / investigated / completed from the beginning, and make sure that each subsequent paragraph is based on this vision. [12]
Make a strong and clear statement about this vision in your thesis statement. Compare the following weak vs. strong statement:
"This journal explores how George Washington's experience as a young officer might have shaped his views during difficult circumstances as a commander."
"This journal argues that George Washington's experience as a young officer on the Pennsylvania border in the 1750s directly affected his relationship with Continental Army troops during the harsh winter in Valley Forge."
Narrow your focus. A clear vision can also be a big vision, but journal articles are not suitable for a thorough examination of large-scale topics. Scholars who revise the content of a thesis or dissertation often struggle with this element; You should be able to remove (or at least return significantly) things such as background information, literature reviews, and methodological discussions for journal articles. [13]
This is especially true for young scholars who enter this field. Leave great exploration (but still only 20-30 pages) for more established scholars.
Write upper class abstracts. Abstraction is the first impression a reviewer will get from your work, so you have to make it count. Make sure there are absolutely no typos or unnecessary elements; You will only have around 300 words to work on. Be bold in your claims and original in your approach, but don't over-sell what your articles actually provide. [14]
Abstract You must get people excited to start reading articles, but never be disappointed when they finish an article.
Get as many people as possible to read your abstract and provide feedback before you submit your journal to the journal
How to Publish a Research Journal
Publishing research journals in peer-reviewed journals is an important activity in the academic community. This allows you to network with other scholars, put your name and work into circulation, and further refine your ideas and research. Publishing isn't easy, but you can increase your chances by submitting research that is technically good and creative but straightforward. It is also important to find an academic journal that is suitable for your topic and writing style, so that you can adapt your research journal to it and increase your chances for wider publication and recognition.
Submit International Journals Papers (and Resend) Your Paper
Ask a colleague or professor to review your research journal. They must edit your paper for grammar, spelling mistakes, typos, clarity, and conciseness. They must also verify your content. Research journals need to present significant and relevant problems. They must be clearly written, easy to follow, and appropriate for the intended audience. [1]
Ask two or three people to review your journal. At least one person must be a non-expert on the main topic - their "outsider's perspective" can be very valuable, because not all reviewers will become experts in your specific topic.
Revise your journal based on the recommendations of your reviewers. Chances are you will go through several concepts before the final submission of your research journal. Give special effort to make your paper clear, attractive, and easy to follow. This will greatly increase your chances of being published. [2]
Prepare your paper according to the journal requirements you choose. Format your research journal so that it follows the guidelines for that publication. Most journals provide a document called "Instructions to Authors" or "Journal Writing Guides" that offer specific instructions on layout, typeface, and length. This guide will also tell you how to submit your journal and will provide details of the review process. [3]
Journal articles in science often follow certain organizational formats, such as: Abstract; Introduction; Method; Results; Discussion; Conclusion; Acknowledgments / References. People in the arts and humanities are usually less organized.
Submit your article when you feel ready. Open the Author's Guide (or something similar) on the journal's website to review the submission requirements. Once you are satisfied that your paper meets all of the guidelines, send the paper through the appropriate channels. Some journals allow online submission, while others prefer printed copies. [4]
Submit your article to only one journal at a time. Go down your list, one at a time, as needed.
When submitting online, use your university email account. This connects you to scientific institutions, which add credibility to your work.
Don't panic when you get an initial journal response. Very few article submissions have received "Receive" direct from peer-reviewed journals. If you get one of them, go celebrate! If not, calmly deal with the reply you get. This may be one of the following: [5]
Accept with Revisions - only minor adjustments are needed, based on feedback provided by reviewers.
Revision and Resubmission - more substantial changes (as described) are needed before publication can be considered, but the journal is still very interested in your work.
Decline and Resubmit - this article is currently not worth considering, but major changes and refocusing might change this result.
Decline - this journal does not and will not be suitable for this publication, but that does not mean it might not work for other journals.
Embrace reviewer comments as constructive criticism. Quite often, you will be asked to revise your journal and resubmit it, based on comments provided by several (often three) anonymous reviewers and editors. Study their criticisms carefully and make the necessary changes.
Don't be too attached to your original shipment. Instead, remain flexible and reload the paper according to the feedback you receive. Use your expertise as a researcher and writer to create a superior journal.
However, you don't need to "roll over" and gently follow the comments of reviewers who you think are off target. Open a dialogue with the editor and explain your position, respectfully but confidently. Remember, you are an expert in this particular topic! [6]
Keep trying to publish your journal. Even if you are ultimately rejected by the journal of your choice, continue to rewrite your research journal and submit it to other publications. [7]
Remember, rejected paper is not always the same as bad paper. Many factors, many of which are completely out of your control, go into determining which articles are accepted.
Move to your second choice journal for submission. You can even ask for guidance on finding better matches from the first journal editor.
Choosing the Right Journal to Receive
Familiarize yourself with potential publications. Be aware of published research and current questions and studies in your field. Pay special attention to how other research journals in your field are written: format, type of article (quantitative versus qualitative studies, primary research, existing journal reviews), writing style, subject matter, and vocabulary. [8]
Read international journals related to your field of study.
Search online for published research journals, conference journals, and journal articles.
Ask a colleague or professor for a list of suggested readings.
Choose the publication that best fits your research journal. Each publication has its own audience and writing tone. Determine, for example, whether your research journal would be more suitable in a highly technical journal and is only intended for other scholars, or a journal that is more general for a wider audience. [9]
"Fit" is very important here - the most famous journal in your field may not be the most suitable for your specific job. However, at the same time, don't sell yourself assuming your paper will never be good enough for the top shelf publication.
Remember circulation or journal exposure in mind. After narrowing down the list of potential submission sites, do a little digging to find out how many articles were read and quoted in these journals. A greater exposure to your work will be a definite benefit, especially when you try to make a name for yourself early in your career. [10]
However, always prioritize journals reviewed by peers - where field scholars review works submitted anonymously. This is the basic standard for scientific publishing.
You can increase your readership dramatically by publishing open access journals. As such, this will be freely available as part of an online peer-reviewed scientific journal repository. [11]
Strengthen Your Submission
Give your paper a clear vision. A good journal article usually gets to the point and stays along the way. Determine what your paper actually explored / investigated / completed from the beginning, and make sure that each subsequent paragraph is based on this vision. [12]
Make a strong and clear statement about this vision in your thesis statement. Compare the following weak vs. strong statement:
"This journal explores how George Washington's experience as a young officer might have shaped his views during difficult circumstances as a commander."
"This journal argues that George Washington's experience as a young officer on the Pennsylvania border in the 1750s directly affected his relationship with Continental Army troops during the harsh winter in Valley Forge."
Narrow your focus. A clear vision can also be a big vision, but journal articles are not suitable for a thorough examination of large-scale topics. Scholars who revise the content of a thesis or dissertation often struggle with this element; You should be able to remove (or at least return significantly) things such as background information, literature reviews, and methodological discussions for journal articles. [13]
This is especially true for young scholars who enter this field. Leave great exploration (but still only 20-30 pages) for more established scholars.
Write upper class abstracts. Abstraction is the first impression a reviewer will get from your work, so you have to make it count. Make sure there are absolutely no typos or unnecessary elements; You will only have around 300 words to work on. Be bold in your claims and original in your approach, but don't over-sell what your articles actually provide. [14]
Abstract You must get people excited to start reading articles, but never be disappointed when they finish an article.
Get as many people as possible to read your abstract and provide feedback before you submit your journal to the journal
How to Write for International Journals?
How to Write for International Journals?
Writing for international journals: 10 tips
What seems like common sense is not a common practice, said Rowena Murray, who shared her best tips for publication
1) Have a strategy, make a plan
Why do you want to write for a journal? What is your purpose? Did you write for research assessment? Or to make a difference? Does your writing have an impact or impact factor? Do you want to develop a profile in a certain area? Will this determine which journal you write? Have you calculated the impact factor?
Have you researched other researchers in your field - where were they published recently? Which group or conversation can you join? Some people write international journals first and then look for a 'home' for them, but because everything in your article - content, focus, structure, style - will be formed for a particular journal, saving you time by determining the target journal and finding out how to write in a manner consistent with that journal.
Having a writing strategy means making sure you have an external driver - like scoring points in a research assessment or going up the promotion ladder - and an internal driver - which means finding out why writing for international journals is important to you. This will help you maintain the motivation that you must write and publish in the long run. Because the time between submission in international journal call for papers and publications can take up to two years (although in some fields it is much less), you must be clear about your motivation.
2) Analysis of writing in journals in your field
Take a few journals in your field that you will target now or soon. Scan all abstracts for the past few problems. Their analysis: pay close attention to all first and last sentences. The first sentence (usually) gives a reason for research, and the last one confirms 'contribution to knowledge'. But the word 'contribution' might not exist - it's related to a doctorate degree. So which word is used? What is new knowledge in this journal at this time? How can you build a similar form of contribution from the work you do? What two sentences would you write to begin and end your abstract for the journal?
Scan the rest of the article: how is the structure? What is the component of the argument? Highlight all topic sentences - the first sentence of each paragraph - to show the stages in the argument. Can you see the taxonomy of writing genres that appear in this journal? Can you determine the different paper types, different structures and decide which is the most suitable for your paper? Choose two types of paper: one is the type of paper that you can use as a model for you, and one that you can quote on your paper, so that it joins the ongoing research conversation in the journal.
3) Outline and write only
Which type of writer are you: do you always outline before writing, or just dive in and start writing? Or do you do both? Both outlines and just writing are useful, and therefore a good idea to use both. However, make your outline very detailed: outline the main body and calibrate it with your target journal.
What type of titles are usually used there? How long does it usually take part? Set word limits for your section, sub-section and, if necessary, for sub-sections. This involves deciding about the content you want to include, so it might take time, and feedback will help at this stage.
When you sit down to write, what are you actually doing: using writing to develop your ideas or writing to document your work? Do you use the outline as an agenda for writing parts of your article? Determine your writing assignments by thinking about verbs - they define goals: to summarize, summarize, critique, define, introduce, conclude etc.
4) Get feedback from start to finish
Even at the earliest stages, discuss your ideas for a journal with four or five people, get feedback about your abstract draft. It only takes a few minutes for them to read and respond. Make a few revisions before you submit your article to the journal.
5) Set specific writing goals and sub-goals
Making your writing goals specific means defining the content, verbs, and word length for the section. This means that it does not have writing goals such as, 'I plan to have this article written at the end of the year' but 'My next writing goal is to summarize and criticize the twelve articles for the literature review section in 800 words on Tuesday between 9 am and 10:30'. Some people find this too mechanical for academic writing, but this is a way of forcing yourself to make decisions about the content, order, and proportions for your article.
6) Write with other people
While most people see writing as a solitary activity, writing together - writing with others who are writing - can help develop confidence, fluency and focus. This can help you develop regular writing discipline. Conducting your academic writing in groups or writing retreats is a way to do your own writing, but - if you pull out email, the internet and all other tools - also develops the concentration needed for regular and high-level academic writing.
At some point - ideally on a regular basis - you can get more done if you only focus on writing. If this seems like common sense, it is not a common practice. Most people do several things at once, but this will not always work for writing regular journal articles. At some point, paying writing privileges for all other tasks, for a certain period of time, such as 90 minutes, is long enough to get something done on your paper, but not so long that it's impossible to find time.
7) Warm up before you write
When you decide what you want to write, a successful warm-up is to write for five minutes, in sentences, in response to the question: 'What writing for the publication you have done [or the closest thing to it], and what you want to do in the long, medium and short term? '
After you start writing your article, use variations on this question as a warm up - what writing for this project have you done, and what do you want to do in the long, medium and short term? Top tip: end each writing session with 'written instructions' for you to use in the next session, for example, 'on Monday from 9 to 10 am, I will arrange the concluding section in 500 words'.
As discussed, if there are no numbers, there is no purpose. The goals that work must be specific, and you need to monitor the extent to which you are achieving them. This is how you learn to set realistic targets.
8) Analyze reviewers' feedback on your submissions
What exactly do they ask you to do? Find out if they want you to add or cut something. How many? Where? Write a list of revised actions. When you resubmit your article, include this in your report in the journal, which determines how you respond to reviewers' feedback. If your article is rejected, it is still useful to analyze feedback, find out why and revise it elsewhere.
Most of the feedback will help you improve your journal and, perhaps, writing your journal article, but sometimes it feels too hot, personalized or even vindictive. Some of them even look unprofessional. Discuss the reviewers' responses - see what others think about it. You might find that other people - even prominent researchers - still get rejection and negative reviews; every refusal is a reason for celebration. Repair and resubmit as soon as possible.
9) Be persistent, thick-skinned, and tenacious
This is a quality that you might develop over time - or you might already have it. It might be easier to develop it in discussions with other people who write for journals.
10) Take care of yourself
Writing for international journals is very competitive. This can be very stressful. Even taking the time to write can be stressful. And there are health risks in sitting for a long time, so try not to sit writing for more than an hour at a time. Finally, be sure to celebrate thoroughly when your article is received. Remind yourself that writing for an international journal is what you want to do - that your writing will make a difference in several ways.
Writing for international journals: 10 tips
What seems like common sense is not a common practice, said Rowena Murray, who shared her best tips for publication
1) Have a strategy, make a plan
Why do you want to write for a journal? What is your purpose? Did you write for research assessment? Or to make a difference? Does your writing have an impact or impact factor? Do you want to develop a profile in a certain area? Will this determine which journal you write? Have you calculated the impact factor?
Have you researched other researchers in your field - where were they published recently? Which group or conversation can you join? Some people write international journals first and then look for a 'home' for them, but because everything in your article - content, focus, structure, style - will be formed for a particular journal, saving you time by determining the target journal and finding out how to write in a manner consistent with that journal.
Having a writing strategy means making sure you have an external driver - like scoring points in a research assessment or going up the promotion ladder - and an internal driver - which means finding out why writing for international journals is important to you. This will help you maintain the motivation that you must write and publish in the long run. Because the time between submission in international journal call for papers and publications can take up to two years (although in some fields it is much less), you must be clear about your motivation.
2) Analysis of writing in journals in your field
Take a few journals in your field that you will target now or soon. Scan all abstracts for the past few problems. Their analysis: pay close attention to all first and last sentences. The first sentence (usually) gives a reason for research, and the last one confirms 'contribution to knowledge'. But the word 'contribution' might not exist - it's related to a doctorate degree. So which word is used? What is new knowledge in this journal at this time? How can you build a similar form of contribution from the work you do? What two sentences would you write to begin and end your abstract for the journal?
Scan the rest of the article: how is the structure? What is the component of the argument? Highlight all topic sentences - the first sentence of each paragraph - to show the stages in the argument. Can you see the taxonomy of writing genres that appear in this journal? Can you determine the different paper types, different structures and decide which is the most suitable for your paper? Choose two types of paper: one is the type of paper that you can use as a model for you, and one that you can quote on your paper, so that it joins the ongoing research conversation in the journal.
3) Outline and write only
Which type of writer are you: do you always outline before writing, or just dive in and start writing? Or do you do both? Both outlines and just writing are useful, and therefore a good idea to use both. However, make your outline very detailed: outline the main body and calibrate it with your target journal.
What type of titles are usually used there? How long does it usually take part? Set word limits for your section, sub-section and, if necessary, for sub-sections. This involves deciding about the content you want to include, so it might take time, and feedback will help at this stage.
When you sit down to write, what are you actually doing: using writing to develop your ideas or writing to document your work? Do you use the outline as an agenda for writing parts of your article? Determine your writing assignments by thinking about verbs - they define goals: to summarize, summarize, critique, define, introduce, conclude etc.
4) Get feedback from start to finish
Even at the earliest stages, discuss your ideas for a journal with four or five people, get feedback about your abstract draft. It only takes a few minutes for them to read and respond. Make a few revisions before you submit your article to the journal.
5) Set specific writing goals and sub-goals
Making your writing goals specific means defining the content, verbs, and word length for the section. This means that it does not have writing goals such as, 'I plan to have this article written at the end of the year' but 'My next writing goal is to summarize and criticize the twelve articles for the literature review section in 800 words on Tuesday between 9 am and 10:30'. Some people find this too mechanical for academic writing, but this is a way of forcing yourself to make decisions about the content, order, and proportions for your article.
6) Write with other people
While most people see writing as a solitary activity, writing together - writing with others who are writing - can help develop confidence, fluency and focus. This can help you develop regular writing discipline. Conducting your academic writing in groups or writing retreats is a way to do your own writing, but - if you pull out email, the internet and all other tools - also develops the concentration needed for regular and high-level academic writing.
At some point - ideally on a regular basis - you can get more done if you only focus on writing. If this seems like common sense, it is not a common practice. Most people do several things at once, but this will not always work for writing regular journal articles. At some point, paying writing privileges for all other tasks, for a certain period of time, such as 90 minutes, is long enough to get something done on your paper, but not so long that it's impossible to find time.
7) Warm up before you write
When you decide what you want to write, a successful warm-up is to write for five minutes, in sentences, in response to the question: 'What writing for the publication you have done [or the closest thing to it], and what you want to do in the long, medium and short term? '
After you start writing your article, use variations on this question as a warm up - what writing for this project have you done, and what do you want to do in the long, medium and short term? Top tip: end each writing session with 'written instructions' for you to use in the next session, for example, 'on Monday from 9 to 10 am, I will arrange the concluding section in 500 words'.
As discussed, if there are no numbers, there is no purpose. The goals that work must be specific, and you need to monitor the extent to which you are achieving them. This is how you learn to set realistic targets.
8) Analyze reviewers' feedback on your submissions
What exactly do they ask you to do? Find out if they want you to add or cut something. How many? Where? Write a list of revised actions. When you resubmit your article, include this in your report in the journal, which determines how you respond to reviewers' feedback. If your article is rejected, it is still useful to analyze feedback, find out why and revise it elsewhere.
Most of the feedback will help you improve your journal and, perhaps, writing your journal article, but sometimes it feels too hot, personalized or even vindictive. Some of them even look unprofessional. Discuss the reviewers' responses - see what others think about it. You might find that other people - even prominent researchers - still get rejection and negative reviews; every refusal is a reason for celebration. Repair and resubmit as soon as possible.
9) Be persistent, thick-skinned, and tenacious
This is a quality that you might develop over time - or you might already have it. It might be easier to develop it in discussions with other people who write for journals.
10) Take care of yourself
Writing for international journals is very competitive. This can be very stressful. Even taking the time to write can be stressful. And there are health risks in sitting for a long time, so try not to sit writing for more than an hour at a time. Finally, be sure to celebrate thoroughly when your article is received. Remind yourself that writing for an international journal is what you want to do - that your writing will make a difference in several ways.
How to Submit Journal Articles?
How to Submit Journal Articles?
How to Submit Journal and Published Articles
I am a post-doctoral researcher who helps run research groups. Every week we spend half an hour meeting our groups to discuss important topics for young academics. Last fall I wanted to give an article on how to submit journal articles - a format that is intrinsically connected to professional success and the pleasure of being an academic. I have read many books about writing for academics, such as Author Howard Becker for Social Scientists, Thinking Like Your Editor, and How to Write Many (just to name a few). However, no one directly discussed how to avoid the trap of submitting journal articles for publication. So I wrote one for my students, which turned into a story in front of you.
Here I will guide you how to submit journal articles. This process involves selecting journals, preparing submissions, evaluating reviews, revising papers (crossing), and publishing articles after they appear. This guide is biased towards communication - my discipline - but it will apply to others as well.
Excitement of Journal Articles
Academics rarely write just for the sake of writing. The notion of "mind life" is a comfortable metaphor that rarely reflects reality. We usually write for specific purposes. Maybe we want to write opinion editorial works for newspapers, monograph books, or journal articles. Each of these formats and audiences requires different considerations. For op-ed work you must connect your work with a public audience in an accessible way. A book may be revealed for several years and requires writing a book proposal, a very specific genre of writing. But nothing captivates most academics than journal articles.
There are several reasons why journal articles are the most important writing genres in the academic world. In most disciplines, success is tracked through journal articles. A friend recently told me about how his department evaluates his work for a term. The chair collects a spreadsheet of each article and the impact factors of each journal - figures that illustrate how influential the journal is. Total dictates the possibility of accepting a term of office and as such, remains in his job. This stressful example shows how in an academic career journal article determines success or failure. But writing journal articles can and should also be fun!
For many academics, journal articles are an interesting format for their scholarships. They let them work on challenging questions and have public conversations with peers. Writing journal articles also helps us explore new disciplinary topics and fields. I am an interdisciplinary scholar and regularly publishes in journals outside my own discipline, communication. Academics are rarely satisfied with what they did last year. There are always other ideas round the corner! To be honest, it's rather addictive to do research. This is an interesting, and sometimes frustrating, part of academic life.
Although I cannot predict the chances of your article, I can tell you that the manuscript will not be accepted if you do not submit it! It starts by choosing a journal.
Select Journal
The first step is to determine which journal is best for publication. The journal you choose determines how you write the article. For example, many journals exclusively accept empirical articles and need a methodology that is clearly described, while others adhere to a critical and cultural approach in which a methodology is not strictly enforced. Other journals allow more experimental formats. The Science, Technology & Society involved accepts delivery formats such as review essays, critical involvement, and "footprints," in addition to standard research articles. This will save you time if you decide on a journal before you even start writing!
If you are new to your discipline, you may not know which journal is the most important. It is difficult to trace, because there are always new journals that appear and old ones disappear if there is not enough interest. How did you find out about high-quality journals? All kinds of places! You might hear about them from your fellow students or professors. Maybe you saw a journal appear in Google's undergraduate search for your research topic. Once you start finding journals, monitor them. An easy way to achieve this is by maintaining a spreadsheet. Mine is a simple Google spreadsheet with columns for titles, categories (e.g. Communication, political science, STS), impact factors, ratings, open access (yes / no), and comments.
How should you evaluate the journal? There are no easy answers because there are many factors. Impact and ranking factors are the most obvious. The impact factor is statistical: the frequency with which each article in the journal has been cited annually. Ranking is more a rough guide than numbers that determine how important journals are to your discipline. Interdisciplinary journals often receive ratings for various disciplines. For example, American Behavioral Scientists have developed from their origins in psychology. As a result, it is currently ranked 76/121 in clinical psychology, and 30/96 in interdisciplinary social science. While these and other statistics have been criticized, as my friend's tenure review example shows, they remain the way the institution evaluates the potential for promotion.
You might be interested in another aspect of the journal that escapes statistics. things that fit the theme; A good sign that you are publishing in the right journal is that you are quoting a published journal! Maybe the review board has members that you suspect will be sympathetic to the journal you are writing, or there are special problems in this journal that will be very suitable. Some academics prioritize the issuance of open access. Being open access means that, at the very least, people can access articles for free - although that also often means that they don't charge for publishing. Science is built to be able to utilize and criticize the work of others.
But beware, some unscrupulous journals touting their "open access" status while deceiving statistics so that they appear to have a high reputation, only to extract exorbitant fees from the author. Librarian Jeffrey Beall keeps a list of "predatory" open access journals. If you stay in the academic world long enough, you will start receiving daily doses of spam emails from these unscrupulous publishers and can recognize them. If you are not sure, check the Beall list and evaluate their editorial board - do you see anyone you know and respect? When in doubt, ask a trusted professor!
All of these factors - impact, relevance, and open access - must be part of your decision to publish in a journal. Then there are pragmatic factors, such as how fast you want your article to come out. When I was just starting out at the academy, my friend Danah Boyd stressed the importance of publishing in journals that have a quick turnaround time. Websites like Journal Reviewer allow you to understand how quickly you can expect your paper through peer review. If you see a timely topic - such as the dissemination of misinformation in the 2016 presidential election - you might want to get your work done quickly. To this day, danah blog about work in progress. He also made his work papers and lecture transcripts publicly available at no charge. This cuts across journal barriers which can often prohibit the spread of scholarships outside academics. Early publishing and often became part of his recipe for success as a leading public intellectual, making him the director and founder of the Data & Society research institute.
Prepare and Submit Paper
After you find the appropriate journal, start writing articles using their formatting requirements. Reformatting articles for different journals can easily waste your free time! You will find journal publishing requirements on their website under links with titles such as "information for authors" or "submission guidelines." There you will find information such as the number of articles and the style you like. Journals accept articles written in a particular style such as APA or Harvard. Some even insist on slight variations on established styles.
Tracking references will be able to hinder your writing. One way to track references is to use the right writing tools. Quote management software such as Zotero and Endnote are very important for maintaining your sanity. They also allow you to use formatting templates to automatically generate citations in the text and reference sections. This will produce results if you send to a different journal later because you don't need to hand format references!
How to Submit Journal and Published Articles
I am a post-doctoral researcher who helps run research groups. Every week we spend half an hour meeting our groups to discuss important topics for young academics. Last fall I wanted to give an article on how to submit journal articles - a format that is intrinsically connected to professional success and the pleasure of being an academic. I have read many books about writing for academics, such as Author Howard Becker for Social Scientists, Thinking Like Your Editor, and How to Write Many (just to name a few). However, no one directly discussed how to avoid the trap of submitting journal articles for publication. So I wrote one for my students, which turned into a story in front of you.
Here I will guide you how to submit journal articles. This process involves selecting journals, preparing submissions, evaluating reviews, revising papers (crossing), and publishing articles after they appear. This guide is biased towards communication - my discipline - but it will apply to others as well.
Excitement of Journal Articles
Academics rarely write just for the sake of writing. The notion of "mind life" is a comfortable metaphor that rarely reflects reality. We usually write for specific purposes. Maybe we want to write opinion editorial works for newspapers, monograph books, or journal articles. Each of these formats and audiences requires different considerations. For op-ed work you must connect your work with a public audience in an accessible way. A book may be revealed for several years and requires writing a book proposal, a very specific genre of writing. But nothing captivates most academics than journal articles.
There are several reasons why journal articles are the most important writing genres in the academic world. In most disciplines, success is tracked through journal articles. A friend recently told me about how his department evaluates his work for a term. The chair collects a spreadsheet of each article and the impact factors of each journal - figures that illustrate how influential the journal is. Total dictates the possibility of accepting a term of office and as such, remains in his job. This stressful example shows how in an academic career journal article determines success or failure. But writing journal articles can and should also be fun!
For many academics, journal articles are an interesting format for their scholarships. They let them work on challenging questions and have public conversations with peers. Writing journal articles also helps us explore new disciplinary topics and fields. I am an interdisciplinary scholar and regularly publishes in journals outside my own discipline, communication. Academics are rarely satisfied with what they did last year. There are always other ideas round the corner! To be honest, it's rather addictive to do research. This is an interesting, and sometimes frustrating, part of academic life.
Although I cannot predict the chances of your article, I can tell you that the manuscript will not be accepted if you do not submit it! It starts by choosing a journal.
Select Journal
The first step is to determine which journal is best for publication. The journal you choose determines how you write the article. For example, many journals exclusively accept empirical articles and need a methodology that is clearly described, while others adhere to a critical and cultural approach in which a methodology is not strictly enforced. Other journals allow more experimental formats. The Science, Technology & Society involved accepts delivery formats such as review essays, critical involvement, and "footprints," in addition to standard research articles. This will save you time if you decide on a journal before you even start writing!
If you are new to your discipline, you may not know which journal is the most important. It is difficult to trace, because there are always new journals that appear and old ones disappear if there is not enough interest. How did you find out about high-quality journals? All kinds of places! You might hear about them from your fellow students or professors. Maybe you saw a journal appear in Google's undergraduate search for your research topic. Once you start finding journals, monitor them. An easy way to achieve this is by maintaining a spreadsheet. Mine is a simple Google spreadsheet with columns for titles, categories (e.g. Communication, political science, STS), impact factors, ratings, open access (yes / no), and comments.
How should you evaluate the journal? There are no easy answers because there are many factors. Impact and ranking factors are the most obvious. The impact factor is statistical: the frequency with which each article in the journal has been cited annually. Ranking is more a rough guide than numbers that determine how important journals are to your discipline. Interdisciplinary journals often receive ratings for various disciplines. For example, American Behavioral Scientists have developed from their origins in psychology. As a result, it is currently ranked 76/121 in clinical psychology, and 30/96 in interdisciplinary social science. While these and other statistics have been criticized, as my friend's tenure review example shows, they remain the way the institution evaluates the potential for promotion.
You might be interested in another aspect of the journal that escapes statistics. things that fit the theme; A good sign that you are publishing in the right journal is that you are quoting a published journal! Maybe the review board has members that you suspect will be sympathetic to the journal you are writing, or there are special problems in this journal that will be very suitable. Some academics prioritize the issuance of open access. Being open access means that, at the very least, people can access articles for free - although that also often means that they don't charge for publishing. Science is built to be able to utilize and criticize the work of others.
But beware, some unscrupulous journals touting their "open access" status while deceiving statistics so that they appear to have a high reputation, only to extract exorbitant fees from the author. Librarian Jeffrey Beall keeps a list of "predatory" open access journals. If you stay in the academic world long enough, you will start receiving daily doses of spam emails from these unscrupulous publishers and can recognize them. If you are not sure, check the Beall list and evaluate their editorial board - do you see anyone you know and respect? When in doubt, ask a trusted professor!
All of these factors - impact, relevance, and open access - must be part of your decision to publish in a journal. Then there are pragmatic factors, such as how fast you want your article to come out. When I was just starting out at the academy, my friend Danah Boyd stressed the importance of publishing in journals that have a quick turnaround time. Websites like Journal Reviewer allow you to understand how quickly you can expect your paper through peer review. If you see a timely topic - such as the dissemination of misinformation in the 2016 presidential election - you might want to get your work done quickly. To this day, danah blog about work in progress. He also made his work papers and lecture transcripts publicly available at no charge. This cuts across journal barriers which can often prohibit the spread of scholarships outside academics. Early publishing and often became part of his recipe for success as a leading public intellectual, making him the director and founder of the Data & Society research institute.
Prepare and Submit Paper
After you find the appropriate journal, start writing articles using their formatting requirements. Reformatting articles for different journals can easily waste your free time! You will find journal publishing requirements on their website under links with titles such as "information for authors" or "submission guidelines." There you will find information such as the number of articles and the style you like. Journals accept articles written in a particular style such as APA or Harvard. Some even insist on slight variations on established styles.
Tracking references will be able to hinder your writing. One way to track references is to use the right writing tools. Quote management software such as Zotero and Endnote are very important for maintaining your sanity. They also allow you to use formatting templates to automatically generate citations in the text and reference sections. This will produce results if you send to a different journal later because you don't need to hand format references!
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