Definition and Objectives of International Organizations
International Organizations: Understanding, Types, and Objectives and Complete Examples - International organizations are a form of combination of several countries or forms of functional units that have the common goal of reaching agreement which is also the contents of the agreement. If you want to know about international organizations in full. Let's look at the reviews below.
Definition of International Organizations
There are many legal figures who provide opinions on the understanding of international organizations. Some of them are as follows.
1. D.W. Bowett
According to D.W. Bowett states that international organizations are permanent organizations (for example in the postel or rail administration) established on the basis of treaties that are more multilateral than bilateral and with certain objective criteria.
2. N.A. Maryam Green
According to N.A. Maryam Green stated that international organizations are formed organizations that are based on an agreement when three or more countries are participants.
3. Mauna Boer
According to Boerma Mauna, the international organization is an association of independent and sovereign states which aims to achieve common interests through the organs of the association itself.
4. J. Pariere Mandalangi
According to J. Pariere Mandalangi states that international organizations are formed organizations which are based on a written agreement made by at least three countries or governments or international organizations that already exist.
Those are some opinions about the understanding of international organizations. Based on this opinion, it can be concluded that international organizations are generally born based on multilateral international agreements.
Various International Organizations
In this world there are many international organizations. For example, ASEAN, the Asian-African Conference (KAA), and the United Nations. Each of these organizations has their respective goals. Nevertheless, these organizations together play a role in improving international relations. Here are some kinds of international organizations
1. ASEAN
ASEAN is an abbreviation of the Association of South East Asia Nations. ASEAN is a regional international organization, consisting of only Southeast Asian countries. ASEAN was born on August 8, 1967 based on the Bangkok Declaration.
ASEAN has the slogan Mitreka Satata which consists of fragments of words: Mitra which means friend or friend, Ika which means one, and Satata which means equal. Thus, the motto of Mitreka Satata means always being friends or being equals. This motto as a symbol of unity to foster a friendship between ASEAN member countries.
The role of ASEAN in enhancing an international relationship can be seen from the collaborative efforts developed by ASEAN countries. The collaborative efforts developed by ASEAN countries cover the economic, political, social and cultural fields.
2. Asian-African Conference and Non-Aligned Movement
The Asia Africa Conference (KAA) in Bandung was the initial process of the birth of the Non-Block Geakan (NAM). The KAA was held on April 18-24, 1955 and was attended by 29 heads of state and heads of government from the Asian and African Continent who had just achieved their independence.
The birth of the Asian-African Conference and the Non-Aligned Movement was motivated by a number of things. First, the atmosphere of the increasing struggle of colonized nations for independence and efforts to promote unity among independent countries. Second, the existence of a modern arms-making competition between the Western Bloc (the United States and its allies) and the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its allies) caused the world situation at that time to be overwhelmed by fears of an atomic bomb war.
Such conditions encourage developing countries to find solutions to ease world tensions and maintain world peace. The main objective of KAA is to create peace and peace of life of the nations in the Asian-African region.
3. United Nations (UN)
The United Nations or abbreviated as the United Nations was officially established on October 24, 1945. The initiators of the establishment of the United Nations were the President of the United States of America, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill. The two figures initially held a meeting on the ship in the Atlantic Sea which produced the Atlantic Charter on August 14, 1941. One of the contents of the charter was the existence of ideals to create world peace. The contents of the charter that underlies the birth of the United Nations.
In an effort to achieve the ideals of world peace, various international inter-country meetings or conferences are held. One such conference was the San Francisco Conference held on April 25-June 26, 1945. In this conference, representatives of Western countries accepted the general pattern of the League of Nations (LBB) with changes and new names, namely the United Nations Organizations (UNO) or at the same time approved the contents of the UN Charter. The San Francisco Conference was attended by 50 countries, namely 47 signatory countries of the Declaration of the United Nations plus Ukraine, Belarus and Argentina.
Laraphgirl
Laraphgirl Journals is Education Blog Info and Sharing Scientific Journal for All Peoples
Form and Benefits of Inter-Country Cooperation
Form and Benefits of Inter-Country Cooperation
Definition of Form and Benefits of Inter-Country Cooperation
Nation is a group of people who are considered national in this case have a shared identity and have the same language, religion, ideology, culture and history, they are generally considered to have the same ancestry.
Form and Benefits of Complete Inter-Country Cooperation
It is impossible for a nation to fulfill its own needs, with these conditions causing each country to make a partnership so that the prosperity of the people will be prosperous. Dunis consists of various countries, which between one country and another need a partnership called international cooperation.
Cooperation between countries can occur because of different geographical potentials, some developed countries have the skills to process natural resources, but do not have natural resources.
On the other hand, a country has abundant natural potential but does not have skilled labor. Then these conditions lead to cooperation between countries that have high technology, with countries that have natural resources that need to be processed.
Form of Cooperation Between Countries
The forms of cooperation are bilateral, regional and international cooperation. For more details, just refer to the review below.
Bilateral cooperation is cooperation between two countries, which occurs because of a bilateral agreement.
Regional cooperation is the cooperation of several countries in a regional cooperation area, due to multirateral agreements.
International cooperation is cooperation between countries around the world.
Benefits of International Cooperation
The cooperation carried out by each country can cover various fields, including ideology, politics, economics, socio-cultural and defense and security. Every collaboration is done on the basis of benefits. And the benefits of cooperation between countries include:
Respect and respect each other's ideology.
Mutually beneficial to both parties in improving economic prosperity.
Improving the application of science and technology and overcoming things that can damage the culture.
Improve defense and security capabilities.
And realize world order and peace as well
Creating a social atmosphere that is harmonious, harmonious and balanced.
Classification of International Treaties and their Descriptions
In an international agreement is an international agreement governed by international relations and signed in written form. In international treaties can give birth to certain legal consequences for the parties involved.
International agreements can involve individuals, groups, organizations or countries. International agreements can be distinguished based on several criteria. The classification can be based on the source and number of participants, structure and object, method of entry into force and instruments of international agreements.
Source and Number of Participants
According to the source, in an international agreement itself it can be divided into several types, including:
Inter-country agreements carried out by many countries are objects of international law.
Agreement between countries with other international subjects.
Agreements between international legal subjects other than countries.
International agreements according to the number of parties to an agreement consist of bilateral and multirateral agreements.
Bilateral agreement means an agreement between two countries.
Multirateral agreement means an agreement that involves many countries.
The contents
According to its contents, international agreements can be divided into several types, including:
Political aspects such as defense pacts and peace pacts, for example NATO, ANZUS and SEATO.
Economic aspects, such as economic and financial assistance, for example APEC, CGI, IMF. IBRD and so on.
In terms of law such as citizenship status "American-China".
Territorial boundaries such as territorial sea, land boundary and so on.
In terms of health such as quarantine issues, disease outbreak prevention and so on.
The Nature of the Implementation
According to the nature of the implementation of the international agreement can be divided into two types, namely:
Agreements that determine "dispositive treaties" are agreements whose intent and purpose are considered to have been reached according to the contents of the agreement.
Agreement that is carried out "executory treaties" is an agreement whose implementation is not once, but continued continuously during the term of the agreement is valid.
Function
According to the function of international treaties are divided into 2 types, namely:
Law making treaties "agreements that form the law" is an agreement that states the provisions or legal principles for the international community as a whole "multirateral". This agreement is open for third parties. For example, the 1958 Vienna convention on diplomatic relations.
Treaty contract "special agreements" that are agreements that give rise to obligations for countries that have only "bilateral agreements", for example the 1995 Ri-Chinese Citizenship Treaty.
Forming Process
According to the process of forming an international agreement, it can be divided into two types, namely:
Significant agreements are made through negotiation, signing and ratification processes
A simple agreement is made through two stages, namely negotiation and signing.
Thus the discussion of the Classification of International Treaties along with an explanation hopefully with this review can add insight and knowledge of you all, thank you very much for your visit.
Definition of Form and Benefits of Inter-Country Cooperation
Nation is a group of people who are considered national in this case have a shared identity and have the same language, religion, ideology, culture and history, they are generally considered to have the same ancestry.
Form and Benefits of Complete Inter-Country Cooperation
It is impossible for a nation to fulfill its own needs, with these conditions causing each country to make a partnership so that the prosperity of the people will be prosperous. Dunis consists of various countries, which between one country and another need a partnership called international cooperation.
Cooperation between countries can occur because of different geographical potentials, some developed countries have the skills to process natural resources, but do not have natural resources.
On the other hand, a country has abundant natural potential but does not have skilled labor. Then these conditions lead to cooperation between countries that have high technology, with countries that have natural resources that need to be processed.
Form of Cooperation Between Countries
The forms of cooperation are bilateral, regional and international cooperation. For more details, just refer to the review below.
Bilateral cooperation is cooperation between two countries, which occurs because of a bilateral agreement.
Regional cooperation is the cooperation of several countries in a regional cooperation area, due to multirateral agreements.
International cooperation is cooperation between countries around the world.
Benefits of International Cooperation
The cooperation carried out by each country can cover various fields, including ideology, politics, economics, socio-cultural and defense and security. Every collaboration is done on the basis of benefits. And the benefits of cooperation between countries include:
Respect and respect each other's ideology.
Mutually beneficial to both parties in improving economic prosperity.
Improving the application of science and technology and overcoming things that can damage the culture.
Improve defense and security capabilities.
And realize world order and peace as well
Creating a social atmosphere that is harmonious, harmonious and balanced.
Classification of International Treaties and their Descriptions
In an international agreement is an international agreement governed by international relations and signed in written form. In international treaties can give birth to certain legal consequences for the parties involved.
International agreements can involve individuals, groups, organizations or countries. International agreements can be distinguished based on several criteria. The classification can be based on the source and number of participants, structure and object, method of entry into force and instruments of international agreements.
Source and Number of Participants
According to the source, in an international agreement itself it can be divided into several types, including:
Inter-country agreements carried out by many countries are objects of international law.
Agreement between countries with other international subjects.
Agreements between international legal subjects other than countries.
International agreements according to the number of parties to an agreement consist of bilateral and multirateral agreements.
Bilateral agreement means an agreement between two countries.
Multirateral agreement means an agreement that involves many countries.
The contents
According to its contents, international agreements can be divided into several types, including:
Political aspects such as defense pacts and peace pacts, for example NATO, ANZUS and SEATO.
Economic aspects, such as economic and financial assistance, for example APEC, CGI, IMF. IBRD and so on.
In terms of law such as citizenship status "American-China".
Territorial boundaries such as territorial sea, land boundary and so on.
In terms of health such as quarantine issues, disease outbreak prevention and so on.
The Nature of the Implementation
According to the nature of the implementation of the international agreement can be divided into two types, namely:
Agreements that determine "dispositive treaties" are agreements whose intent and purpose are considered to have been reached according to the contents of the agreement.
Agreement that is carried out "executory treaties" is an agreement whose implementation is not once, but continued continuously during the term of the agreement is valid.
Function
According to the function of international treaties are divided into 2 types, namely:
Law making treaties "agreements that form the law" is an agreement that states the provisions or legal principles for the international community as a whole "multirateral". This agreement is open for third parties. For example, the 1958 Vienna convention on diplomatic relations.
Treaty contract "special agreements" that are agreements that give rise to obligations for countries that have only "bilateral agreements", for example the 1995 Ri-Chinese Citizenship Treaty.
Forming Process
According to the process of forming an international agreement, it can be divided into two types, namely:
Significant agreements are made through negotiation, signing and ratification processes
A simple agreement is made through two stages, namely negotiation and signing.
Thus the discussion of the Classification of International Treaties along with an explanation hopefully with this review can add insight and knowledge of you all, thank you very much for your visit.
Purpose of International Organizations
Purpose of International Organizations
The goals of international organizations can be divided into two, namely general goals and special objectives. The general goal is the goal that every international organization wants to achieve in general. Specific objectives are the specific objectives to be achieved by each type of international organization.
The general objectives of international organizations are as follows.
To realize and maintain world peace, and international security in a variety of ways chosen by the relevant international organizations among the ways and efforts provided by international law.
Organize and to improve the welfare of the world and member countries, through various means chosen and in accordance with the relevant international organizations.
The specific purpose of international organizations is to make international organizations a forum, forum, or tool to achieve a common goal that is characteristic of each organization.
That is a review of International Organizations: Understanding, Kinds, and Purpose and Examples in Complete Example Hopefully what is discussed above is useful for readers. That is all and thank you.
The UN special body is as follows.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), namely food and agriculture organizations.
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), namely general tariff and trade agreements.
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), the international atomic energy agency.
IBRD (International Bank of Reconstruction and Development), namely the international reconstruction and development bank.
ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization), which is an international civil aviation organization.
IDA (International Development Association), namely the international civil development association.
IFC (International Finance Corporation), an international financial cooperative.
ILO (International Labor Organization), which is an international labor organization.
IMCO (Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization), which is an intergovernmental maritime consultancy organization.
IMF (International Monetary Fund), which is an international funding agency.
ITU (International Telecomunication Union), which is an international telecommunications union.
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), namely the UN trade and development conference.
UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization), namely educational, scientific and cultural organizations.
UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) is a United Nations organization that specializes in dealing with children's problems.
UNDP (United Nations Development Program), namely the UN development program.
UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refuges), namely the UN high commission on refugee matters.
WHO (World Health Organization), an international health organization.
Classification of International Treaties and their Descriptions
In an international agreement is an international agreement governed by international relations and signed in written form. In international treaties can give birth to certain legal consequences for the parties involved.
International agreements can involve individuals, groups, organizations or countries. International agreements can be distinguished based on several criteria. The classification can be based on the source and number of participants, structure and object, method of entry into force and instruments of international agreements.
Source and Number of Participants
According to the source, in an international agreement itself it can be divided into several types, including:
Inter-country agreements carried out by many countries are objects of international law.
Agreement between countries with other international subjects.
Agreements between international legal subjects other than countries.
International agreements according to the number of parties to an agreement consist of bilateral and multirateral agreements.
Bilateral agreement means an agreement between two countries.
Multirateral agreement means an agreement that involves many countries.
The contents
According to its contents, international agreements can be divided into several types, including:
Political aspects such as defense pacts and peace pacts, for example NATO, ANZUS and SEATO.
Economic aspects, such as economic and financial assistance, for example APEC, CGI, IMF. IBRD and so on.
In terms of law such as citizenship status "American-China".
Territorial boundaries such as territorial sea, land boundary and so on.
In terms of health such as quarantine issues, disease outbreak prevention and so on.
The goals of international organizations can be divided into two, namely general goals and special objectives. The general goal is the goal that every international organization wants to achieve in general. Specific objectives are the specific objectives to be achieved by each type of international organization.
The general objectives of international organizations are as follows.
To realize and maintain world peace, and international security in a variety of ways chosen by the relevant international organizations among the ways and efforts provided by international law.
Organize and to improve the welfare of the world and member countries, through various means chosen and in accordance with the relevant international organizations.
The specific purpose of international organizations is to make international organizations a forum, forum, or tool to achieve a common goal that is characteristic of each organization.
That is a review of International Organizations: Understanding, Kinds, and Purpose and Examples in Complete Example Hopefully what is discussed above is useful for readers. That is all and thank you.
The UN special body is as follows.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), namely food and agriculture organizations.
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), namely general tariff and trade agreements.
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), the international atomic energy agency.
IBRD (International Bank of Reconstruction and Development), namely the international reconstruction and development bank.
ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization), which is an international civil aviation organization.
IDA (International Development Association), namely the international civil development association.
IFC (International Finance Corporation), an international financial cooperative.
ILO (International Labor Organization), which is an international labor organization.
IMCO (Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization), which is an intergovernmental maritime consultancy organization.
IMF (International Monetary Fund), which is an international funding agency.
ITU (International Telecomunication Union), which is an international telecommunications union.
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), namely the UN trade and development conference.
UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization), namely educational, scientific and cultural organizations.
UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) is a United Nations organization that specializes in dealing with children's problems.
UNDP (United Nations Development Program), namely the UN development program.
UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refuges), namely the UN high commission on refugee matters.
WHO (World Health Organization), an international health organization.
Classification of International Treaties and their Descriptions
In an international agreement is an international agreement governed by international relations and signed in written form. In international treaties can give birth to certain legal consequences for the parties involved.
International agreements can involve individuals, groups, organizations or countries. International agreements can be distinguished based on several criteria. The classification can be based on the source and number of participants, structure and object, method of entry into force and instruments of international agreements.
Source and Number of Participants
According to the source, in an international agreement itself it can be divided into several types, including:
Inter-country agreements carried out by many countries are objects of international law.
Agreement between countries with other international subjects.
Agreements between international legal subjects other than countries.
International agreements according to the number of parties to an agreement consist of bilateral and multirateral agreements.
Bilateral agreement means an agreement between two countries.
Multirateral agreement means an agreement that involves many countries.
The contents
According to its contents, international agreements can be divided into several types, including:
Political aspects such as defense pacts and peace pacts, for example NATO, ANZUS and SEATO.
Economic aspects, such as economic and financial assistance, for example APEC, CGI, IMF. IBRD and so on.
In terms of law such as citizenship status "American-China".
Territorial boundaries such as territorial sea, land boundary and so on.
In terms of health such as quarantine issues, disease outbreak prevention and so on.
Principle of International Relations
Principle of International Relations
According to Hugo de Groot, stated that state relations will create equality between the countries involved in it, and realize a common interest for progress. In international relations, it is known by several principles which are based on regions and a scope of enactment of legal provisions for regions and their respective citizens.
There are three principles in international relations that influence each other, namely as follows:
1. Territorial Principle
The territorial principle is based on a state's power over its territory. In this principle, all citizens and all items in their territory are governed by a state law. So, for something outside its territory, an international law will apply.
2. Nationality Principle
The principle of nationality is based on a state's authority to protect its citizens. In this principle, a law of his country will apply to every citizen wherever he is. So this principle will apply even if citizens are in a foreign territory (not the territory of their country).
3. Principle of Public Interest
This principle is based on the authority of the state to protect and adhere to an interest in community life. In this principle, the State can adjust to all circumstances and an event that has to do with the public interest. So this principle is not bound to the boundaries of a country's territory.
These three principles are very calculated in establishing an international relationship. Because without these three principles a variety of international chaos will arise, therefore the relationship of a country and other countries must have a rule in the form of international law.
Patterns of International Relations
The pattern of relations between nations has 3 kinds, namely:
Colonialism of a nation over another nation, dependence of a nation on the direction of other nations and equal relations.
1. Colonialism
Colonialism is essentially a exploitation by one nation over another nation which is caused by a development of capitalist understanding, in which the invaders' corners will need raw materials for their industries and / or markets for their industrial products. The essence of colonialism here. that is a control over the territory of another nation.
2. Pattern of Dependency
This one pattern usually occurs in a developing country that lacks capital and technology to develop a country, forced to rely on an assistance of developed countries whose results will result in dependence on these developed countries. This one pattern of relationship is also known as neo-colonialism (colonialism in a new form).
3. Equal Relationship Patterns
This one relationship pattern is the most difficult to realize, but a very ideal relationship pattern because it strives to achieve mutual prosperity, in accordance with the second precepts of the Pancasila, which demands a respect for the direction of human nature as equal beings regardless of an ideology, form of state or system his government.
Means of International Relations
An international relationship will require a tool that can be used by countries that establish international relations according to J. Fradhel, as follows:
1. Diplomacy
Diplomacy is all forms of an activity used to determine a goal, and use the ability to achieve that goal, adjusting the national interests with other countries, making national goals that work for the interests of the nation and state, and using the facilities and opportunities as well as possible.
2. Propaganda
Propaganda is a business that has been systematically regulated and is used to influence a group's thoughts, emotions and actions in the interests of the general public, but not in the interests of its government. Information in any form can be used as propaganda without media restrictions.
3. Economic, Social and Cultural
Utilizing an Economic, social and cultural tool can help increase state income and is a very effective tool.
4. Military Strength
In this one facility can increase a country's confidence in facing various threats from other countries. Also needed in forming a joint readiness to deal with the possibility of undesirable things happening.
That is a review of International Relations: Understanding, Purpose, Principles, and Patterns and Complete Suggestions Hopefully what is discussed above is useful for the reader. That is all and thank you.
According to Hugo de Groot, stated that state relations will create equality between the countries involved in it, and realize a common interest for progress. In international relations, it is known by several principles which are based on regions and a scope of enactment of legal provisions for regions and their respective citizens.
There are three principles in international relations that influence each other, namely as follows:
1. Territorial Principle
The territorial principle is based on a state's power over its territory. In this principle, all citizens and all items in their territory are governed by a state law. So, for something outside its territory, an international law will apply.
2. Nationality Principle
The principle of nationality is based on a state's authority to protect its citizens. In this principle, a law of his country will apply to every citizen wherever he is. So this principle will apply even if citizens are in a foreign territory (not the territory of their country).
3. Principle of Public Interest
This principle is based on the authority of the state to protect and adhere to an interest in community life. In this principle, the State can adjust to all circumstances and an event that has to do with the public interest. So this principle is not bound to the boundaries of a country's territory.
These three principles are very calculated in establishing an international relationship. Because without these three principles a variety of international chaos will arise, therefore the relationship of a country and other countries must have a rule in the form of international law.
Patterns of International Relations
The pattern of relations between nations has 3 kinds, namely:
Colonialism of a nation over another nation, dependence of a nation on the direction of other nations and equal relations.
1. Colonialism
Colonialism is essentially a exploitation by one nation over another nation which is caused by a development of capitalist understanding, in which the invaders' corners will need raw materials for their industries and / or markets for their industrial products. The essence of colonialism here. that is a control over the territory of another nation.
2. Pattern of Dependency
This one pattern usually occurs in a developing country that lacks capital and technology to develop a country, forced to rely on an assistance of developed countries whose results will result in dependence on these developed countries. This one pattern of relationship is also known as neo-colonialism (colonialism in a new form).
3. Equal Relationship Patterns
This one relationship pattern is the most difficult to realize, but a very ideal relationship pattern because it strives to achieve mutual prosperity, in accordance with the second precepts of the Pancasila, which demands a respect for the direction of human nature as equal beings regardless of an ideology, form of state or system his government.
Means of International Relations
An international relationship will require a tool that can be used by countries that establish international relations according to J. Fradhel, as follows:
1. Diplomacy
Diplomacy is all forms of an activity used to determine a goal, and use the ability to achieve that goal, adjusting the national interests with other countries, making national goals that work for the interests of the nation and state, and using the facilities and opportunities as well as possible.
2. Propaganda
Propaganda is a business that has been systematically regulated and is used to influence a group's thoughts, emotions and actions in the interests of the general public, but not in the interests of its government. Information in any form can be used as propaganda without media restrictions.
3. Economic, Social and Cultural
Utilizing an Economic, social and cultural tool can help increase state income and is a very effective tool.
4. Military Strength
In this one facility can increase a country's confidence in facing various threats from other countries. Also needed in forming a joint readiness to deal with the possibility of undesirable things happening.
That is a review of International Relations: Understanding, Purpose, Principles, and Patterns and Complete Suggestions Hopefully what is discussed above is useful for the reader. That is all and thank you.
Definition and Benefits of International Relations
Definition and Benefits of International Relations
International Relations: Definition, Means, Benefits, Objectives, Principles, and Patterns
In establishing a relationship not only among individuals, but it can be a group or country that can establish a relationship between countries. On this occasion here will be a complete review of international relations. Therefore, let us consider the review below.
Definition of International Relations
International relations or relations between nations is a human interaction between nations both individually and in groups, which is carried out either directly or indirectly and can be in the form of friendship, dispute, hostility or war.
Understanding International Relations According to Experts
1. Sincere Warsito
According to Tulus Warsito revealed that international relations is a study of the interaction of foreign politics from several corners.
2. Drs. R. Soeprapto
According to Soeprapto revealed that international relations is as a specialization that integrates other branches of knowledge that study the international aspects of human social life.
3. Kenneth Watts. Thompson
According to Kenneth revealed that international relations is a study of a rivalry between nations and the conditions and institutions that improve or worsen a rivalry.
4. J.C. Johari
According to Johari, international relations is a study of an interaction which takes place between sovereign states, besides that it is also a study of non-state actors whose behavior has a joint impact on the tasks of the State.
5. Couloumbis and Wolfe
According to Couloumbis and Wolfe revealed that international relations is a systematic study of phenomena that can be observed and try to get a basic variable to explain behavior and reveal a characteristic or type of relationship between social units.
6. Mochtar Mas’oed
According to Mochtar revealed that international relations is a relationship that is very complex because in it there are / involved a nation that each sovereign which thus requires a more complicated mechanism for relations between groups.
7. Jeremy Bentham
According to Jeremy Benham, international relations is a science which is a unified discipline and has a scope and basic concepts.
8. John Lewis Gaddis
According to John Lewis Gaddis revealed that international relations is a field of study that is useful for a statesman in a way to build a better world.
9. Ishaq Rahman
According to Ishaq Rahman stated that international relations is a science that is identified with a relationship between countries.
10. Couloumbis
According to Couloumbis revealed that international relations is a science that studies a pattern of action and reaction between sovereign states in which the behavior of the government elite is an indicator.
The Purpose of International Relations
To spur economic growth in each country
To create mutual understanding between nations in fostering and establishing a peace
To create justice and prosperity for all people in the world
To establish an international relationship between the countries concerned.
To establish a cooperation in the political, economic, social and cultural
To meet the needs of its citizens
To open up opportunities in marketing domestic products abroad
To facilitate an economic relationship between countries.
Benefits of international relations
For , among others are:
The benefits of ideology, namely to maintain and sustain the survival of the nation and state;
Political benefits, namely to support the implementation of political policies and foreign relations dedicated to the national interest, especially for the benefit of development in all fields;
Economic benefits, namely to support efforts to increase national economic development;
Socio-cultural benefits, namely to support efforts to foster and develop the socio-cultural values of the nation in an effort to overcome any forms of threats, challenges, obstacles, disturbances and international crime, in the context of implementing national development;
Benefits of international peace and security, namely to support efforts to maintain and restore international peace, security and stability;
Humanitarian benefits, namely to support efforts to prevent and deal with each form of disaster and the rehabilitation of its consequences;
Another benefit is to improve the role and image of World in international forums and relations between countries and the trust of the international community. "
International Relations: Definition, Means, Benefits, Objectives, Principles, and Patterns
In establishing a relationship not only among individuals, but it can be a group or country that can establish a relationship between countries. On this occasion here will be a complete review of international relations. Therefore, let us consider the review below.
Definition of International Relations
International relations or relations between nations is a human interaction between nations both individually and in groups, which is carried out either directly or indirectly and can be in the form of friendship, dispute, hostility or war.
Understanding International Relations According to Experts
1. Sincere Warsito
According to Tulus Warsito revealed that international relations is a study of the interaction of foreign politics from several corners.
2. Drs. R. Soeprapto
According to Soeprapto revealed that international relations is as a specialization that integrates other branches of knowledge that study the international aspects of human social life.
3. Kenneth Watts. Thompson
According to Kenneth revealed that international relations is a study of a rivalry between nations and the conditions and institutions that improve or worsen a rivalry.
4. J.C. Johari
According to Johari, international relations is a study of an interaction which takes place between sovereign states, besides that it is also a study of non-state actors whose behavior has a joint impact on the tasks of the State.
5. Couloumbis and Wolfe
According to Couloumbis and Wolfe revealed that international relations is a systematic study of phenomena that can be observed and try to get a basic variable to explain behavior and reveal a characteristic or type of relationship between social units.
6. Mochtar Mas’oed
According to Mochtar revealed that international relations is a relationship that is very complex because in it there are / involved a nation that each sovereign which thus requires a more complicated mechanism for relations between groups.
7. Jeremy Bentham
According to Jeremy Benham, international relations is a science which is a unified discipline and has a scope and basic concepts.
8. John Lewis Gaddis
According to John Lewis Gaddis revealed that international relations is a field of study that is useful for a statesman in a way to build a better world.
9. Ishaq Rahman
According to Ishaq Rahman stated that international relations is a science that is identified with a relationship between countries.
10. Couloumbis
According to Couloumbis revealed that international relations is a science that studies a pattern of action and reaction between sovereign states in which the behavior of the government elite is an indicator.
The Purpose of International Relations
To spur economic growth in each country
To create mutual understanding between nations in fostering and establishing a peace
To create justice and prosperity for all people in the world
To establish an international relationship between the countries concerned.
To establish a cooperation in the political, economic, social and cultural
To meet the needs of its citizens
To open up opportunities in marketing domestic products abroad
To facilitate an economic relationship between countries.
Benefits of international relations
For , among others are:
The benefits of ideology, namely to maintain and sustain the survival of the nation and state;
Political benefits, namely to support the implementation of political policies and foreign relations dedicated to the national interest, especially for the benefit of development in all fields;
Economic benefits, namely to support efforts to increase national economic development;
Socio-cultural benefits, namely to support efforts to foster and develop the socio-cultural values of the nation in an effort to overcome any forms of threats, challenges, obstacles, disturbances and international crime, in the context of implementing national development;
Benefits of international peace and security, namely to support efforts to maintain and restore international peace, security and stability;
Humanitarian benefits, namely to support efforts to prevent and deal with each form of disaster and the rehabilitation of its consequences;
Another benefit is to improve the role and image of World in international forums and relations between countries and the trust of the international community. "
Examples of Multicultural Communities
Examples of Multicultural Communities
Racial Diversity
One of the impacts of opening up Indonesia's geographical location is that many foreign nations can enter and interact with the Indonesian people. For example, descendants of Arabic, Indian, Persian, Chinese, Hadramaut, and others. With history, we can trace how its origin.
Foreign nations not only live and live in Indonesia, but are also able to develop from generation to generation to form social groups in our society. They interact with indigenous people from time to time. Some of them even dominate the life of the national economy. For example, Chinese descent.
Examples of Conflicts that Arise Due to Diversity
As explained earlier, the diversity of ethnic groups that Indonesia possesses is the strength of the Indonesian nation itself. In addition, this situation makes Indonesia have added value in the eyes of the world. However, on the other hand, the reality of Indonesia's diversity has great potential to cause social conflicts in a way of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, and tradition).
Therefore, the ability to manage the diversity of ethnic groups is needed to prevent disunity that disrupts national unity. Conflicts that occur in Indonesia generally arise as a result of ethnic, religious, racial, and cultural diversity, such as inter-ethnic conflicts that occur in West Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi, Papua, and others.
In West Kalimantan, the gaps in the bureaucratic and legal treatment of the indigenous Dayak and Madura tribes caused deep disappointment. Finally, this feeling explodes in the form of horizontal conflict. Marginalized Dayaks are increasingly marginalized by discriminatory policies. While law enforcement against one group did not work as it should.
Whereas in Poso, Central Sulawesi a conflict of nuances first occurred on December 24, 1998, triggered by a drunken young Christian wounding a young Muslim in the Sayo Mosque.
Then in mid-April 2000, another conflict was triggered by a fight between a drunken Christian youth and a Muslim youth at the Poso City bus terminal. This fight led to the spread of Pamona settlements in Lambogia Village. Furthermore, Christian settlements take countermeasures.
From these two cases, it can be seen how differences can trigger social conflict. Differences that are addressed with anticipation will only lead to misery and suffering for many people. Therefore, how we behave in diversity really needs attention.
Problem Solving Diversity
Using Local Wisdom
There are positive and negative sides of the presence of hundreds of ethnic groups in Indonesia. Besides being able to enrich the treasury of national culture, it also triggers the emergence of social disintegration. We often hear about tribal wars or interethnic social conflicts in Indonesia. There are many underlying reasons.
But, what's interesting is that there are many ethnic groups who have a mechanism or a way to solve the problem. The story of community life in the Baliem Valley, may be an example of local wisdom that we can make a reference in an effort to find solutions to interethnic or inter-ethnic problems in Indonesia.
Using National Wisdom
When we are faced with various conflicts and disputes that occur between ethnic or ethnic groups in Indonesia, learning from history is the most appropriate way. During the Dutch colonial period, we felt how difficult it was to assemble the value of unity to face the colonizing nation together.
Until when we began to realize it in 1928. At that time we recognized Indonesia as a shared identity, which was able to overcome a number of cultural differences between existing ethnic groups. Indonesian nationalism was formed in the form of recognition of language, homeland, and nationality. The impact is the struggle against Dutch colonialism is increasingly showing the results.
The culmination of the search for identity was found when agreed upon as the basis of the state and direction / direction of national life. The complexity of the diversity of society and culture in Indonesia can be shared together.
This is the basis of the state used by our founding fathers when establishing a new national state. It is called a national state because Indonesia consists of hundreds of ethnic groups that can coexist in the bond of the Unitary Republic of the Republic.
Racial Diversity
One of the impacts of opening up Indonesia's geographical location is that many foreign nations can enter and interact with the Indonesian people. For example, descendants of Arabic, Indian, Persian, Chinese, Hadramaut, and others. With history, we can trace how its origin.
Foreign nations not only live and live in Indonesia, but are also able to develop from generation to generation to form social groups in our society. They interact with indigenous people from time to time. Some of them even dominate the life of the national economy. For example, Chinese descent.
Examples of Conflicts that Arise Due to Diversity
As explained earlier, the diversity of ethnic groups that Indonesia possesses is the strength of the Indonesian nation itself. In addition, this situation makes Indonesia have added value in the eyes of the world. However, on the other hand, the reality of Indonesia's diversity has great potential to cause social conflicts in a way of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, and tradition).
Therefore, the ability to manage the diversity of ethnic groups is needed to prevent disunity that disrupts national unity. Conflicts that occur in Indonesia generally arise as a result of ethnic, religious, racial, and cultural diversity, such as inter-ethnic conflicts that occur in West Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi, Papua, and others.
In West Kalimantan, the gaps in the bureaucratic and legal treatment of the indigenous Dayak and Madura tribes caused deep disappointment. Finally, this feeling explodes in the form of horizontal conflict. Marginalized Dayaks are increasingly marginalized by discriminatory policies. While law enforcement against one group did not work as it should.
Whereas in Poso, Central Sulawesi a conflict of nuances first occurred on December 24, 1998, triggered by a drunken young Christian wounding a young Muslim in the Sayo Mosque.
Then in mid-April 2000, another conflict was triggered by a fight between a drunken Christian youth and a Muslim youth at the Poso City bus terminal. This fight led to the spread of Pamona settlements in Lambogia Village. Furthermore, Christian settlements take countermeasures.
From these two cases, it can be seen how differences can trigger social conflict. Differences that are addressed with anticipation will only lead to misery and suffering for many people. Therefore, how we behave in diversity really needs attention.
Problem Solving Diversity
Using Local Wisdom
There are positive and negative sides of the presence of hundreds of ethnic groups in Indonesia. Besides being able to enrich the treasury of national culture, it also triggers the emergence of social disintegration. We often hear about tribal wars or interethnic social conflicts in Indonesia. There are many underlying reasons.
But, what's interesting is that there are many ethnic groups who have a mechanism or a way to solve the problem. The story of community life in the Baliem Valley, may be an example of local wisdom that we can make a reference in an effort to find solutions to interethnic or inter-ethnic problems in Indonesia.
Using National Wisdom
When we are faced with various conflicts and disputes that occur between ethnic or ethnic groups in Indonesia, learning from history is the most appropriate way. During the Dutch colonial period, we felt how difficult it was to assemble the value of unity to face the colonizing nation together.
Until when we began to realize it in 1928. At that time we recognized Indonesia as a shared identity, which was able to overcome a number of cultural differences between existing ethnic groups. Indonesian nationalism was formed in the form of recognition of language, homeland, and nationality. The impact is the struggle against Dutch colonialism is increasingly showing the results.
The culmination of the search for identity was found when agreed upon as the basis of the state and direction / direction of national life. The complexity of the diversity of society and culture in Indonesia can be shared together.
This is the basis of the state used by our founding fathers when establishing a new national state. It is called a national state because Indonesia consists of hundreds of ethnic groups that can coexist in the bond of the Unitary Republic of the Republic.
Characteristics and Factors of Multicultural Communities
Characteristics and Factors of Multicultural Communities
Has a structure that is divided into non-complementary institutions. In a multicultural society not only have formal institutions that must be obeyed, but they also have informal (non-complementary) institutions that must be obeyed. In other words, they are more obedient and respectful to these non-complementary institutions because they are led by traditional leaders who are emotionally closer.
Lack of developing consensus among members of basic values. Multicultural society with a variety of races, ethnicities, and religions causes different perceptions, experiences, habits, and knowledge will cause
the difficulty of getting agreement on the values and norms that are the basis of their footing. In short, this society is difficult to unite because of the differences they hold.
Relatively social integration grows on coercion and is economically interdependent. With a variety of differences, multicultural society is difficult to get agreement on various things.
Therefore, to unite it there must be coercion in order to achieve social integration. In addition, these communities are economically interdependent due to their proximity to their groups.
The political dominance of one group over another group Multicultural society has different groups economically and politically. It is undeniable that there will be groups that dominate politics and naturally these groups usually impose their political policies for the benefit of their own groups.
Factors That Cause Multicultural Communities
Factors of Indonesian History. Indonesia is a country that has abundant natural resources, especially in terms of spices. So that many foreign countries want to colonize such as Portugal, the Netherlands, Britain and Japan.
Thus they stay for long periods of time and some even get married to the Indonesian people. This condition adds to the cultural and racial wealth in Indonesia.
Factors Influencing Foreign Culture. Globalization is an important process in spreading culture in the world community, especially Indonesia with its democratic system being an open country.
With this openness, the community easily accepts cultures that come from outside even though there is often a clash of foreign cultures with local cultures. The entry of foreign cultures is one of the factors that enrich culture and make people into multicultural societies.
Geographical Factors. Aside from that, a spice-rich country, Indonesia also has a strategic geographical location, which is between two continents and two oceans, so that Indonesia is made as an international trade channel.
Because as a trade route, many foreign countries come to Indonesia with trading destinations such as China, India, Arabic and European countries. This condition adds to the culture that enters Indonesia and the creation of a multicultural society.
Physical and geological factors. When viewed from the geological structure of Indonesia is located between three different plates, namely Asia, Australia, and the Pacific. This condition makes Indonesia an island island and has several geological types such as: Asiatic type, transitional type, and Australis type.
With islands, the life of each island varies according to the condition of the island. Communities on small islands will experience natural resource difficulties, and large islands have a lot of natural resources. This is what makes the culture of each island different.
Different Climate Factors In addition to having various islands in Indonesia that affect people's culture, the climate also greatly influences culture in Indonesia such as: people in mountainous regions with a cool climate form a friendly culture of the community. Whereas people who are on the beach which has a hot climate to form emotional control someone more easily angry.
Ethnic Diversity
Indonesia is one of the countries in the world that has enormous cultural wealth. The cause is the existence of hundreds of ethnic groups that live and develop in various places in the territory of Indonesia. We can imagine what would happen if each ethnic group had character, customs, language, customs, and so on.
Religious Diversity
The location of the archipelago in the cross position between two oceans and two continents clearly has an important influence on the emergence of a diversity of societies and cultures.
With the support of abundant natural resource potential, Indonesia is a target for shipping and world trade. Especially since interisland trading and shipping networks have been formed. The impact of interactions with other nations is the entry of various forms of religious and cultural influence.
In addition to conducting trading activities, Islamic, Hindu, Buddhist merchants also carry and spread their religious teachings. Especially after Western nations also entered and involved in it.
Large religions also emerged and developed in Indonesia, with a number of different adherents. Harmony among religions is the dream of almost everyone, because no religion teaches hostility.
Has a structure that is divided into non-complementary institutions. In a multicultural society not only have formal institutions that must be obeyed, but they also have informal (non-complementary) institutions that must be obeyed. In other words, they are more obedient and respectful to these non-complementary institutions because they are led by traditional leaders who are emotionally closer.
Lack of developing consensus among members of basic values. Multicultural society with a variety of races, ethnicities, and religions causes different perceptions, experiences, habits, and knowledge will cause
the difficulty of getting agreement on the values and norms that are the basis of their footing. In short, this society is difficult to unite because of the differences they hold.
Relatively social integration grows on coercion and is economically interdependent. With a variety of differences, multicultural society is difficult to get agreement on various things.
Therefore, to unite it there must be coercion in order to achieve social integration. In addition, these communities are economically interdependent due to their proximity to their groups.
The political dominance of one group over another group Multicultural society has different groups economically and politically. It is undeniable that there will be groups that dominate politics and naturally these groups usually impose their political policies for the benefit of their own groups.
Factors That Cause Multicultural Communities
Factors of Indonesian History. Indonesia is a country that has abundant natural resources, especially in terms of spices. So that many foreign countries want to colonize such as Portugal, the Netherlands, Britain and Japan.
Thus they stay for long periods of time and some even get married to the Indonesian people. This condition adds to the cultural and racial wealth in Indonesia.
Factors Influencing Foreign Culture. Globalization is an important process in spreading culture in the world community, especially Indonesia with its democratic system being an open country.
With this openness, the community easily accepts cultures that come from outside even though there is often a clash of foreign cultures with local cultures. The entry of foreign cultures is one of the factors that enrich culture and make people into multicultural societies.
Geographical Factors. Aside from that, a spice-rich country, Indonesia also has a strategic geographical location, which is between two continents and two oceans, so that Indonesia is made as an international trade channel.
Because as a trade route, many foreign countries come to Indonesia with trading destinations such as China, India, Arabic and European countries. This condition adds to the culture that enters Indonesia and the creation of a multicultural society.
Physical and geological factors. When viewed from the geological structure of Indonesia is located between three different plates, namely Asia, Australia, and the Pacific. This condition makes Indonesia an island island and has several geological types such as: Asiatic type, transitional type, and Australis type.
With islands, the life of each island varies according to the condition of the island. Communities on small islands will experience natural resource difficulties, and large islands have a lot of natural resources. This is what makes the culture of each island different.
Different Climate Factors In addition to having various islands in Indonesia that affect people's culture, the climate also greatly influences culture in Indonesia such as: people in mountainous regions with a cool climate form a friendly culture of the community. Whereas people who are on the beach which has a hot climate to form emotional control someone more easily angry.
Ethnic Diversity
Indonesia is one of the countries in the world that has enormous cultural wealth. The cause is the existence of hundreds of ethnic groups that live and develop in various places in the territory of Indonesia. We can imagine what would happen if each ethnic group had character, customs, language, customs, and so on.
Religious Diversity
The location of the archipelago in the cross position between two oceans and two continents clearly has an important influence on the emergence of a diversity of societies and cultures.
With the support of abundant natural resource potential, Indonesia is a target for shipping and world trade. Especially since interisland trading and shipping networks have been formed. The impact of interactions with other nations is the entry of various forms of religious and cultural influence.
In addition to conducting trading activities, Islamic, Hindu, Buddhist merchants also carry and spread their religious teachings. Especially after Western nations also entered and involved in it.
Large religions also emerged and developed in Indonesia, with a number of different adherents. Harmony among religions is the dream of almost everyone, because no religion teaches hostility.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)